Free sample - Dyslexia. translation missing

Dyslexia. DyslexiaIntroduction This paper characterizes visual dyslexia, giving its potential causes. It additionally satisfies the impacts to the patient who are by and large youngsters focusing on that it's anything but a malady yet a weakness that can't be dealt with. Visual dyslexia Visual dyslexia can be characterized as an obsessive perusing trouble brought about by a visual impairment.â It is experiencing issues in perusing and appreciating content because of visual issues. The patient makes visit outwardly based blunders all the more particularly in word acknowledgment in spite of having the option to name the segment. The patient with these challenges are supposed to be visual dyslexics, visuospatial dyslexics or dyseidetic dyslexics. The patient these perusing and spelling designs depict the accompanying visual preparing shortcomings. The word dyslexia was gotten from the Greek word dys meaning poor or insufficient and lexis importance works or language (Cardon L. 1994). Dyslexia is a learning inability described by issues in expressive, responsive, oral or composed language. Issues come up in perusing, spelling, composing, talking and tuning in. Dyslexia isn't an infection and it has no fix. It depicts an alternate sort of brain that adapts in an unexpected way. It isn't the aftereffect of low knowledge or the issue of insight. Dyslexia is certainly not a visual issue however it is a language issue. Dyslexia results from contrasts in the structure and capacity of the cerebrum. The patient do not have the capacity to compose or situate the manner in which something is seen, befuddle shapes, request of letters, and can't concentrate on a particular item for an extensive stretch of time. For example, a youngster can befuddle the state of a triangle for a square or see the word bat and read the letters in reverse which brings about them seeing tab. Other paralexia (botches made by individual with visual dyslexia) incorporate saccade (word examining by a rrangement of obsessions and quick eye development) vague consonants, phonetic incentive to quiet graphemic consonants, vowel digraphs, consonant bunches, move worry of words, neologisms (new word), loss of syllable and consonants lost. Profound dyslexia is a mind boggling perusing issue brought about by cerebrum harm in which the side effect is the inhabitance of semantic mistakes in single word (Cardon L. 1994). Causes Photon energies that is explicit to overly sensitive people prompt inside the eye’s photopic photoreceptors the conditions that make dyslexic-type visual variations from the norm, and that those photon energies can be successfully smothered before they contact the visual arrangement of defenseless people. Dyslexic people regularly experience suggestive alleviation when rewarded with explicit shaded straightforward overlays. Photon energies explicit to overly sensitive people, incite inside the eye’s photopic photoreceptors the conditions that make dyslexic-type visual variations from the norm. Photon energies can be stifled before they contact the visual arrangement of helpless people. Dyslexic patient experience indicative help when rewarded with explicit hued straightforward overlays (Michael C. 2004). Paraletic mistakes are ascribed to a brokenness of the visual examination framework in the double course equal model of perusing. Studies that have demonstrated that visual dyslexia runs all through families and is given to numerous youngsters genetically.â A measurable geneticist discovered proof that a quality for dyslexia sits on chromosome number six, which is one of the twenty-three chromosomes (Cardon, 1994). Dr. Glen Rosen, a Harvard neuroscientist clarified that nerve cells inside the left side of the equator of the cerebrum seem littler than in the correct half of the globe. This distinction in size of nerve cells lose the planning of the cerebrum and disturb its essential word preparing abilities, Dr. Albert Balaburda, a nervous system specialist from Harvard hypothesized that the mind of dyslexic individuals are assaulted with little injuries and strange cells which clarifies that the center of the issue may live in the hardware that controls pre-birth improvement. Nervous system specialist and scientist of dyslexia separated the confusion into three distinctive subtypes to set up a strategy to show kids with various degrees of dyslexia. The first subtype is known as dysphonetic dyslexia. At the point when these youngsters read, they embed or erase letters and syllables. In dyseidetic dyslexia, the patient can not perceive words in general and appear to peruse gradually. In conclusio n, blended dyslexia and kids in with this subtype experience both dysphonetic and dysedetic dyslexia; besides, blended dyslexia causes these kids more scholarly disappointment than some other known subtype. Bakker’s three subtypes were phonetic, perceptual, and blended dyslexia. Phonetic dyslexia alluded to a kid s capacity to understand quick; anyway numerous slip-ups were available on the grounds that the kid discarded and included letters and syllables. This is like Border’s dysphonetic dyslexia. Also, perceptual dyslexia exists when a youngster peruses precisely yet gradually. Bakker’s third subtype (blended dyslexia) is tantamount to Boder’s blended dyslexia since the two of them are a mix of the first and second subtypes. There are three methodologies for rewarding dyslexic patients and they incorporate the formative, restorative, and therapeutic methodology. The formative methodology proposes that educators ought to train in little gatherings or exclusively on the grounds that additional time and consideration is important for some dyslexic kids. The restorative methodology likewise happens in little or individual gatherings permitting the youngster to investigate extraordinary premiums with the goal that the kids can depend on their own uncommon capacities so as to defeat challenges. In the healing methodology, it is viewed as essential to decide the abilities that are generally troublesome and afterward apply individualized Consequences for an understudy The distinctive engine capacities associated with typical perusing like eye filtering, obsessions and saccades performed to incorporate fovea pictures is upset because of a gained sore to one side or left side of the equator of the eye. End Visual dyslexia is frequently acquired through qualities. It tends to be brought about by early ear contaminations also. There are three methodologies for rewarding dyslexic patients and they incorporate the formative, restorative, and healing approach.â References: Boder E. (1973) .Developmenal dyslexia: an indicative methodology dependent on three atypical perusing spelling designs. Cardon L. (1994). Procured dyslexia. Michael C. (2004). Photon Induced Visual Abnormalities (PIVA) and Visual Dyslexia.

Economics Race and Gender in the Economics of Women, Men, and Work Assignment

Financial matters Race and Gender in the Economics of Women, Men, and Work - Assignment Example The book gives out the different difficulties they face. The book additionally dissects various reasons that help the laborers through the Government and Employer Policies. The book further gives the different arrangements that are applied to the justification of the laborers. The families leave and childcare is very much broke down in the part. The family leave is named to be paid and it is being talked about according to the areas. The program is all around talked about by giving out the different necessities a specialist needs to secure the paid leave. The book likewise clarifies how the leave helps the laborers giving them sufficient opportunity to deal with their friends and family. Childcare is additionally talked about in subtleties giving models. The book expresses the different guidelines and foundations required in the kid care programs. The significance of the childcare is likewise given expressing the program to be liable for regulating the licenses required for the youngster care in various states in the United States and different nations. The book gives an investigation of different contrasts in sex everywhere throughout the world giving out different models. The hole over the way of life is likewise talked about opening sexual orientation generalizations. The book further clarifies giving various markers that foresee the monetary status of ladies. The book investigates the different pointers in nations like United Status and how they enable ladies in other creating nations. The book further incorporates all the social pointers in the circumstance of ladies. The work power cooperation is additionally examined in the book alongside the occupation. The book additionally quickly gives the Bureau of work insights with the Labor Force Participation Rate. The ladies in the work power are likewise talked about including the databook measurements of 2013. Ladies are additionally assembled regarding hours worked, joblessness classes. The winning is likewise examined over the CBO extends alongside the working age.

8 Black British Essayists to Add to Your Bookshelves

8 Black British Essayists to Add to Your Bookshelves Beulah Devaney  is a travel writer and editor.  @TheNotoriousBMD. No matter how full your bookshelves or how precarious your to-read pile, it’s time to clear some space for these thought-provoking, gut-wrenching, mind-blowing Black British essayists. Reni Eddo-Lodge Why I’m No Longer Talking to White People About Race originally appeared as a blog post on Reni Eddo-Lodge’s personal website. The hand-wringing and finger-pointing it inspired led to a publishing contract and one of the most fascinating dissections of race in Britain (especially the way it intersects with class and gender) that you’ll ever read. Hannah Black A Mancunian-born conceptual artist and writer, Hannah Black regularly contributes to The New Inquiry, and in 2017 used her Facebook page to call-out artist Dana Schutz for painting of Emmett Till in his casket. Black’s open letterâ€"calling for the painting to be destroyedâ€"ignited an international debate. Ruby Tandoh After reaching the Great British Bake-Off finals at just 19, Ruby Tandoh went on to become one of Britain’s most eloquent and hilarious body-positive activists. Her latest book (Eat Up) is a joyous call to eat whatever we want; she can be found on Twitter calling out body-shamers and hypocritical celebrity chefs. Gary Younge Gary Younge covers U.S. and UK politics as editor at large for The Guardian and in a weekly column for The Nation. His personal style and wide-ranging overview make for enthralling reading and he’s recently published a book about gun crime in the U.S. called Another Day in the Death of America: A Chronicle of Ten Short Lives. Otegha Uwagba As the founder of the Women Who online community and the author of Little Black Book: A Toolkit For Working Women, Otegha Uwagba is a creative powerhouse. She regularly writes about work, fashion, race, and feminism of The Guardian, i-D, Elle, and It’s Nice That while also running freelancer networking events. Phew! Dreda Say Mitchell During the build-up to the Brexit referendum, crime novelist Dreda Say Mitchell quickly started to seem like a lone voice of reasons in a topsy-turvy world. Mitchell challenged the way Britain’s history was being rewritten to exclude working class. She’s also a regular on Radio 4 book shows and authored the popular Geezer Girls crime series. Diriye Osman Diriye Osman is a Somali-British visual artist, poet, author and critic who creates surrealist performance art and thoughtful essays. Writing from The Afrosphere, Osman’s work has appeared in The Guardian (Transgressive literature will always be a minority pursuit), Kwani?, VICE, and Poetry Review. In 2014 he won the Polari First Book Prize for his short story collection Fairytales for Lost Children. Sign up for True Story to receive nonfiction news, new releases, and must-read forthcoming titles. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

An Age of Reason, An Age of Passion Essay - 1147 Words

An Age of Reason, An Age of Passion The period following the Renaissance focused the human attention toward the beauty of nature. It was man’s turn to be part of the nature and not the other way around. The term picturesque—or â€Å"compared to a picture† as Michael Woods defines it — defines new characteristics of the art from this period. This period, â€Å"An Age of Reason, An Age of Passion,† had a dual nature—rational, responsive to reason, but also anti-rational, responsive to emotion. â€Å"Making one’s way through the intellectual history of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, one must be aware of the shifting meaning of such words as rationalism, naturalism, classicism, romanticism. Like dancers in a reel, they combine and†¦show more content†¦Taste became a â€Å"value above morality† (Stewart et. al., 156). Rococo main themes focused on leisure, love, and fashion. These themes and the â€Å"dramatic verve of Rubens gave way to the lyrical tone of Rubens’ great followers, Jean-Antoine Watteau (1684-1721), Frangois Boucher (1703-1770), and Jean-Honor6 Fragonard (1732-1804), the outstanding masters of three generations of Rococo painting in France† (Stewart et al., 156). When it comes to Fragonard and his paintings, I have to mention that he is one of my favorite painters. Paintings like â€Å"The Swing† (1766), â€Å"A Young Girl Reading† (1776), â€Å"The Study† (1769), â€Å"The Lover Crowned† (1771-73), â€Å"The Meeting† (1771-73) and so many more hold a special magic for me. Every time I look at his paintings, it is like looking at a magic world. It is more like a dream world, or like an old-fashioned story that never loses its charm for a child’s ears. Because of Fragonard’s talent, I can also â€Å"listen† to his magic stories: a stolen kiss, a flirtation giggle, the sound of the wind browsing through a lovely garden with a magic swing. From this period, although not a Rococo artist, we have to mention Jean-Baptiste Chardin (1699-1779). â€Å"While his contemporaries painted their high-style works of the ‘upstairs’ aristocratic life, Chardin painted the ‘downstairs’ † (Stewart et. al., 160): kitchen or pantry copper pots, earthenware jugs, and raw food.Show MoreRelatedEssay on Molieres Tartuffe889 Words   |  4 Pages The Theme of Moliere’s Tartuffe: Reason vs. Passion Jean-Baptitste Poquelin Moliere’s Tartuffe, is undoubtedly a satirical comedy. In Moliere’s description of a satire, he was very direct as to the function and objectives of one are. The function is to correct men’s vices, using satire to ridicule them and expose them to public laughter (Moliere, p.14). Although this satire is making fun of many things in the church and organized religion, which is not the only objective Moliere had in mindRead MoreThe Destruction Of Passion In Romeo And Juliet By William Shakespeare750 Words   |  3 PagesPassion is often seen as a positive impact on one’s live, however passion can be overwhelming and eventually consume your common sense. William Shakespeare shows this in his play â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† through the important conflict between the Montagues and Capulets. The long standing conflict between the rival families - the Montagues and Capulets helped us understand the significant message of the destruction of passion. This is shown through the deaths of Tybalt, Romeo and Juliet throughout the playRead MoreWhy Athletes Struggle After Retirement1511 Words   |  7 Pagesis that they struggle financially and emotionally after they retire (Ford). Now becoming prominent in the sport’s world, athletes’ lives seem to decline post-retirement. However, some know the key to success and the solutions to this problem. The reasons athletes struggle after retirement can be narrowed down to different aspects of life. All three aspects of life, mental, emotional, and physical, play a role in the decline of an athlete’s life after retiring. Mentally, when an athlete retires, heRead MoreWhy Athletes Struggle After Retirement1501 Words   |  7 Pagesathletes is that they struggle financially and emotionally after they retire. It’s becoming notorious in the sport’s world that athletes’ lives seem to decline post-retirement. However, some know the key to succe ss and the solutions to this problem. The reasons athletes struggle after retirement can be narrowed down to different aspects of life. All three aspects of life, mental, emotional, and physical, play a role in the decline of an athlete’s life after retiring. Mentally, when an athlete retires, heRead MoreIs Children Foster Care A Vulnerable Population At Risk?955 Words   |  4 Pagesat risk. But the problem is biggest when children faces those who ‘age out’ of foster care what are does pro and con of facing another part of the world along. How those children get affected with the change in their lives and how independent they could be to start a big a change like and how challenges they will faces. I would describe the professional or societal issue and I will also explain how the issue arouses my passion as a human services professional. One way to manage the goal in termsRead More Molieres Tartuffe Essay543 Words   |  3 Pageswritten, was know as The Age Of Reason. One of the main ideas and attitudes during this period was, reason must always control passion. Due this attitude, one theme that constantly appears through out the play is the battle between reason and passion. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In Act II, Scene 4 one of the major conflicts between reason and passion is played out. Valere confrontsRead MoreThe Success Of Michael Jordan1313 Words   |  6 Pagesadversity become successful? It all starts with passion. Michael was not in it for the money. He just loved playing the game of basketball. He did not think he was the best player at his school. Nor did he think he was going to play in the NBA. He did not care what anyone else thought. His passion for the game is what began his journey to success. Patience is another reason Michael achieved what he did, and may very well be the most important reason for his accomplishments. With all of the adversityRead More Age of Reason Essay example1161 Words   |  5 Pages An Age of Reason â€Å"Those who can make you believe absurdities can make you commit atrocities.† This brief quotation was spoken by the famous writer and philosopher Voltaire; I believe it vaguely points out that some people are full of absurd ideas, and for others to follow such nonsense is foolish. The quote is just a taste of Voltaire’s wisdom and knowledge of the world, during the Age of Reason. The Age of Reason or The Enlightenment is defined as a change in not just a way of thinkingRead MoreThe Age Of The Enlightenment1646 Words   |  7 PagesThe Age of the Enlightenment during the beginning of the 18th century was a revolution that vanquished the suffocating darkness of superstition that shrouded the Middle Ages. Revolutionary thinkers of the Enlightenment, such as Denis Diderot, Renà © Descartes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, led western civilization out of the darkness of ignorance with a small flame generated by the power of scientific and intellectual reason. For a while, it seemed as though the reason and rationality of EnlightenmentRead MoreThe Romanticism Of George Gordon : The Great Or Lord Byron887 Words   |  4 PagesGeorge Gordon or Lord Byron is a second-generation romantic that passed away at the age of 36. The last poem he wrote called, â€Å"On This Day I Complete My Thirty-Sixth Year, composed of his thoughts, as well as views on his life at the age of his death. At the beginning of this rhyme, the author presents himself as someone who wants to love but senses that he should not. As the piece progressed, Lord Byron wakes himself up from the wish to discover love, and alternatively seek for an honourable death

Does The Environmental Kuznets Curve Exist - 1371 Words

Discussion piece: Does the Environmental Kuznets Curve exist? The case of carbon emissions in Indonesia, China, Australia, and United States. The Kuznets curve is firstly introduced in 1955 by Kuznets as an inverted-U relationship between income inequality and economic development. Later it is found that the Kuznets curve is useful for describing the relationship between environmental pressure and the economic growth or known as the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) (Dinda, 2004). The hypothesis of the EKC is that at early stages of a country’s development, the quality of its environment will be deteriorated faster and getting slow down at some level of income per capita that the economic growth support the increasing of environmental performance (Stern, 2004). The EKC applies differently between countries depend on the economic growth status of the country. This essay will discuss the different appearance of the EKC using the evidences from developing and developed countries. The EKC of developing countries will show the upward slope stage of the curve because of the countries’ focus on economic growth and l ess protection to the environment. Conversely, the developed countries will show the later downward slope stage of the EKC as their economic growth is already high and there is more attention for environmental protection. Figure 1 The Environmental Kuznets Curve Comparation of the EKC appearances between Indonesia, Australia, and United States The EKC of Indonesia,Show MoreRelatedAs the Economy Grows, the Environment Degrades Essay2806 Words   |  12 Pagesgrowth and environmental degradation expanded exponentially (Cole Neumayer, 2005; Stern, 2003; 2004). Most of this intellectual confabulation revolved around the Environmental Kuznets Curve, a hypothesis that argues that environmental degradation would increase during an early economic development phase, eventually reaching the ‘turning point’ where improvement in environmental conditions will begin. In other words, the graphical relationship between per capita income and environmental pollutionRead More It’s Time for a Supranational Sustainable Development Authority3228 Words   |  13 Pagesecosystems. Quite often, these two sides appear to face each other with opposing prescriptions for future world development.   The former argues for environmental protection and creation of a stable ecosystem; the latter supports jobs and increased development of   Third World countries.   Yet this false dichotomy between jobs and the environment need not exist.   The key is promotion of worldwide sustainable development, or development that â€Å"meets the needs of the present generation without compromisingRead MoreA Growing Number Of Studies Essay938 Words   |  4 Pagesin the developing countries exist even when households own improved cook stoves due to lack of knowledge about indoor air pollution, sanitation, and technology operations. Nepal et al. 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Economic Sustainability: the employment of various strategies toRead MoreGrowing Number Of Studies ( Ã… ¸Ãƒ   ) Essay940 Words   |  4 Pageskitchens in the developing countries exists even when households own improved cook stoves due to lack of knowledge about indoor air pollution, sanitation and technology operations. Nepal et al. (2011) finds that the adoption of improved firewood stove does not necessarily reduce firewood consumption pattern in Nepal. This may be because of the rebound effect (Bensch and Peters, 2013). The rebound effect refers to the situation where the use of traditional cooking fuels does not decrease as expected despiteRead MoreChinas model7412 Words   |  30 Pagesinimical to China s best environmental and economic interests. This is so for three reasons: * If economic growth were to be slowed or stopped-and sustainable development is essentially concerned with putting boundaries around economic growth-it would be impossible to improve the environmental conditions of China; * The bias for central planning on the part of those endorsing the concept of sustainable development will only serve to make environmental protection more expensiveRead MoreWoolworths Limited Case Study5822 Words   |  23 Pagesretail technology improvements, and by enabling local charities to receive direct donations, in-kind support and facilitation of fundraising Environmentally In November 2007 we launched our Sustainability Strategy 2007-15, identifying our material environmental impacts, setting targets and commitments for improvement, and starting us on the pathway to change. (Woolworths 3 major investment in Australian and New Zealand communities summary) Woolworths has been applauded for taking the initiative andRead MoreInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 Pagesleadership to effective global management. JONATHAN P. DOH is the Herbert G. Rammrath Chair in International Business, founding Director of the Center for Global Leadership, and Professor of Management at the Villanova School of Business. Jonathan teaches, does research, and serves as an executive instructor and consultant in the areas of international strategy and corporate responsibility. He is also Senior Associate at the Center for Strategic and International Studies and an occasional executive educator

The Role of Literature in Cultural and Society Development Free Essays

Jibran Khalil Jibran once said, â€Å"All our words are but crumbs that fall down from the feast of the mind. † It is in everyone, it’s locked away, hidden and for the gifted, it comes out to give us the very languages we are using today. Literature, like music and film and theatre, is an art. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Literature in Cultural and Society Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now As a matter of fact the purest form of art. Life, for many if not all, in scales that vary is pretty much the same journey measured by experiences, fortune, luck and love. We cannot all express them in a poetic or artistic manner but we all experience them nonetheless. Most of us go through this wicked and unmerciful thing called life without ever being able to express those fortunate moments and hardships to others and more importantly to ourselves. We have reached an age where generations no longer pay mind to literature in a direct and hands on way. The new generation, including myself, doesn’t explore the poet within, as cliche as this may sound. Speeches from our presidents and world leaders don’t sound like they were fabricated from something real. They were written by politicians and campaign specialists whose aim is to shock and awe, but sadly with facts and numbers, not with the humane and sentimental approach for which speeches and words were meant. The role of literature in society is to help enhance our way of thinking and perceiving our surroundings. It heightens our level of expression and speaking. You simply become that much more articulate and creative! Almost every book or novel that we read results in a push to our perception of life. In Milton Albrecht’s â€Å"The Relationship of Literature and Society†, he adequately states that literature â€Å"reflects† society; its supposed converse is that literature influences or â€Å"shapes† society. On a daily basis we come across some kind of literary event. Something you could write a poem about, maybe even a book. More often than not they are overlooked, but it’s the creative minds that will always seize these moments and grant us the literature that will always help us relate. We live in a world where we desperately need a lifeline or a beacon that will always remind us that we are not robots or corporate machines. We live in a world where people want to escape their daily responsibilities and commitments to something more heartfelt. We live in a world where we absolutely and undeniably need literature! While it is physically written in words, these words come alive in the imagination of the mind, and its ability to comprehend the complexity or simplicity of the text. Literature enables people to see through the lenses of others, and sometimes even inanimate objects; therefore, it becomes a looking glass into the world as others view it. Like Thomas Edison came up with electricity, like Alexander Graham Bell gave us the telephone and like Mark Zuckerberg invented FACEBOOK, literature perhaps started with man discovering his ability to create. When this happened he realized that he could not only express his emotions in writing but in the process deliver messages of import to society carefully hidden in beautiful and crafted words. He decided that he could play with words to entertain and captivate people who would read them. In the olden days distance was of course a problem and so maintaining a history of world literature was impossible. People in different parts of the world, using different languages and writing in different periods of time tackled literature differently. This has left us with books and creations that enrich our society and our heritage as a race. Even the most voracious reader can never hope to read all the books out there. There must be a reason for that, shouldn’t there? I mean many customs and cultures have withered over the centuries, many habits and arts have withdrawn into the abyss. But not literature! Literature inspires whole nations to rebel and change. This is the power of literature. It shapes, it moulds and in the process entertains. It helps us learn about human nature in all its foibles and greatness; it lets us learn about the human past and our own pasts, and about other cultures. When we discover literature we can travel to any place at any time, even to the future, and see how others view the same world. It helps people get an in-depth view of life in someone else’s shoes, whether it’s the writer’s or someone else’s, may it be fiction or based on real life experiences. Whatever the case may be, reading a book, for instance, can put you in a totally different world, so foreign to you that you are bound to learn something from. Reading, in my opinion, affects you on a much more personal level than watching a movie, therefore, after reading a book or any other piece of literature, the reader gains something which in turn he or she will inevitably bring into society whether it is a point-of-view, a new outlook or simply added knowledge or information. That person will carry what he/she learned on with them for years to come or probably forever and will most likely pass it on to other people and they in time will also pass n that newly acquired â€Å"crumb† of knowledge, causing a chain reaction of knowledge, if you will. After all, knowledge is one of the very few things that can never be taken away from you, and once anything is learned it inexorably triggers a change in that person, small or big, good or bad, that change will unavoidably occur and be brought with that person into society affecting how he or she would choose to converse with and/or treat others, how they would react to and handle cert ain situations and possibly the basis of their decision-making. All of these things, in one way or another will most definitely have an impact on society as a whole and on its individual units. Literature and writing, though obviously connected, are not synonymous. Several pieces of literature that left a mark on our culture and society were passed down through oral tradition before they were ever fixed in written form. Take Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey that was dated all the way back to the late Bronze Age and handed down through different cultures by oral tradition before ever taking a written form. Regardless of the form that literature may take, whether it’s in form of a novel or poem, movie or music, or just a simple oral form, it is undeniable that it bares several advantages for the person that actually takes the time to understand and appreciate it and eventually share it with others. You know? I may not be the most suitable person to be giving this speech or preaching about the importance of literature. I may not have experienced the true hardships and joys of life. But one thing I believe is that no matter when I express this importance, be it today or in 50 years after life has taken its toll on me, it will always be true. Novels, books, words and literature are here to forever and always shake the very foundation of our world. To shake us, rattle us in hopes that those crumbs that Jibran spoke of would fall into a page and form future cultures and societies to come. People nowadays, including myself sometimes, can be so apathetic and indifferent to our society and its people and oblivious to the fact that literature and education in general is a tool that can change that apathy and help shape us to become more well-rounded individuals that are somewhat free of the ignorance that can so easily destroy us without us even knowing it. The sad but apparent truth is that people these days don’t give reading and literature their just significance, most people probably never will, maybe it’s because of all the available distractions such as social networking and he like. The only solution for this problem is for previous generations to enlighten this generation on the importance of literature and how it can affect our society instead of constantly criticizing it. In the end, the people that criticize our generation forget who raised it, but that’s a different issue for a different time. I cannot be emphatic enough when stressing the importance of literature and reading and the rewards they so inconspicuously possess. After all, the famous author Mark Twain once said, â€Å"The man who does not read books has no advantage over the man that cannot read them. † How to cite The Role of Literature in Cultural and Society Development, Essays

Macbeth, Ruler by Divine Right Essay Example

Macbeth, Ruler by Divine Right Paper To discourage this mad scramble for power among the nobles, Shakespeare uses the theme of betrayal answered by reprisals to Justify the theology of the divine right of kings. During the time of Shakespeare, Europe had become a more ordered place since the time of the Dark Ages. During this time, the lands were ruled by warlords and war raged constantly as various rulers with their own armies struggled for power. Europe emerged from this time period, due in large part to the divine right of kings theology. According to this doctrine, God bestows on kings the right to rule. As James I writes, inns â€Å"sit upon God his throne In the earth and have the count of their administration to give unto him† (par. 4). An uprising against the king, which James describes as â€Å"monstrous and unnatural,† is by extension an uprising against the will of God† (Label). Most Europeans at the turn of the first millennium were extremely religious therefore this made subjects much more willing to obey the king without questions. This aspect of the doctrine dramatically helped Europe to stabilize from its previous warring state because those who went against the king were also going against the will of God and therefore risking eternal damnation. We will write a custom essay sample on Macbeth, Ruler by Divine Right specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Macbeth, Ruler by Divine Right specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Macbeth, Ruler by Divine Right specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Although this theology can easily be dismissed today as a naive invention in order to keep kings in power, it was widely accepted during the 16th and 17 centuries during Shakespearean time, due to the much greater influence of the church. Shakespeare uses the fact that there existed a large devotion to Charlatanry to comment on Macbeth character and further demonstrate the evils In the usurpation of authoritative figures. Machete’s fall from grace closely resembles the similar fall of Lucifer from the courts of heaven to definitively point out the evils inherent in the unwarranted seizure of control. The rebellion of Lucifer is described in the book Isaiah as, â€Å"How you have fallen from heaven, O morning star, son of the dawn! You have been cast down to the earth, you who once laid low the nations! You said in your heart, â€Å"l will ascend to heaven; I will raise my throne above the stars of God; I will sit enthroned on the mount of assembly, on the utmost heights o f the sacred mountain† (Chapter 14: 12-13). These transgressions which reflect Machete’s ambition to kill Duncan and unlawfully take the throne away from the rightful heir were swiftly punished by God who said, â€Å"So I made a fire come out from you, and It ensured you, and I reduced you to ashes on the ground In the sight of all who were watching† (Ezekiel 28:18). Shakespeare asserts that In scalar fashion as â€Å"the great dragon was hurled down-that ancient serpent called the devil or Satan, who [seeks to] lead ten wangle world astray’ (Revelations 12 Y) as Machete Is lead astray Day ten witches planting the seeds of rebellion in his mind. Macbeth is often in close association with evil characters such as the three witches and Hectare throughout the play to reflect the changing character of Macbeth as he becomes more and more evil. It was the witches, who are associated with the devil, who first makes Macbeth obsessed with attaining power when they greet him with, â€Å"All hail Macbeth! Hat shall be king hereafter† (Shakespeare 1. 3. 50). By having both Banquet and Macbeth present when the witches promise great things for both of them, Shakespeare is asserting that all men will undergo temptation, but also that it is possible to stay devoted and loyal such as Banquet does even under great temptation. Macbeth, however, does not stay loyal to Duncan and almost immediately following the words of the witches he admits that, â€Å"my thought, whose murder yet is UT fantastical shakes so my single state of man that function, is smothered in surmise, and nothing is but what is not† (Shakespeare 1. . 139). With this personal confession, Macbeth reveals how he is struggling internally between his own personal ambition and what he knows is right. When he does later decide to murder Duncan, he â€Å"acknowledges that his deed will entail all the kinds of violence civilization has been struggling to suppress since it first began† (Watson) as he had just recently help put down a rebellion against Duncan, ironically e nough. When Macbeth does betray Duncan, the consequences of this are enormous angina from fits of paranoia to his eventual death. The fallout of this central betrayal is foreshadowed early in the play when the former thane of Castor tried to betray Duncan and paid dearly for it. Duncan says that â€Å"he was a gentleman on whom I built an absolute trust† (Shakespeare 1. 4. 14) and because of this betrayal of trust he is executed and his title is given to Macbeth. The same fate will eventually await Macbeth as â€Å"the rebel must be sacrificed to preserve [universal order]† (Bloom) but first he is abandoned by everyone around his until he is alone with his evil thoughts. The first introduction to evil with respect to Macbeth the character is with his meeting with the three witches. As the play progresses, evil in association to Macbeth grow proportionately as the ones around him draw further away from him. The first abandonment from Macbeth is God abandoning him the night of Dunce’s murder. Banquet is describing the night sky to his son when he says, â€Å"Their candles are all (Shakespeare 2. 1. 5) representative of God not being present at Machete’s out castle because he knows what evil is to take place that night. After Dunce’s murder and Macbeth assumes the throne, his paranoia sets in and his own senses even egging to betray him as is evident by the apparition of the slain Banquet at a feast. The frightened and alarmed Macbeth remarks â€Å"the time has been, that, when the brains were out, the man would die, and there an end: but now they rise again† (Shakespeare 3. 4. 78). This psychological breakdown displays the spiritual struggle going through Macbeth as evil continues to consume him. The last stages of abandonment of Macbeth come Just before Macadam and Malcolm storm Machete’s castle. The nobles see how corrupt and insane Macbeth and promptly defect; as Macbeth says, â€Å"the thanes fly from me† (Shakespeare 5. 3. 49). This desertion becomes o severe that the number of troops inside the castle so low that the only way to fight the oncoming enemy is to prepare for a siege. Macbeth describes the enemy force by saying, â€Å"were teeny not Trace Walt n tense Tanat snout a De ours we malign nave met teem direful, beard to beard, and beat them backward home† (Shakespeare 5. 5. 5). With God, his own senses, and his nobles abandoning him, the last person to do so is his wife. The person who he committed the initial crime dies of an unknown cause to foreshadow his similar death and to emphasize how truly alone he is at this point. â€Å"The murder of Duncan is no mere political assassination. It is the very worst thing imaginable: ‘most sacrilegious Murder’ (al. Iii. 68), violating all the bonds between man, nature and God† (Bloom); because of his assassination of the king he has now lost all of those he holds dear around him. In this time of absolute solitude, Macbeth cries out to his servant, â€Å"Sexton! I am sick at heart† (Shakespeare 5. 3. 19). The name Sexton may be pronounced ‘Satan’ in reference to Lucifer who had the original rebellion on which Machete’s is only modeled. When Macbeth admits that he is â€Å"sick at heart† this signifies that the transformation to complete evil is now complete and o remnant of the loyal Macbeth remains. This reference to Lucifer makes the play turn full circle as the seeds of rebellion were planted by devilish characters and it ends in Macbeth becoming a devilish character himself. Macbeth does receive his ultimate punishment much like the previous thane of Castor by being executed and having his head cut off. Shakespearean theme of betrayal met by Zestful vengeance illustrate his views on how kings should be viewed as appointments by God and not to be overthrown, reflecting the view of the divine right of kings. The practice of this theology largely eloped Europe to exit the period of small warring nations and become the great power known as the West’ dominating the world intellectually and technologically for hundreds of years. Shakespeare was not the only writer to incorporate messages to discourage the usurpation of central powers, approximately 300 years before Shakespeare, Dante, who wrote the Inferno, described the lowest pit of hell as having three occupants. Two out of the three were there because of their part in the murder of Julius Caesar which weakened the Roman Empire and led to a power struggle. Both Dante and Shakespeare had similar ideas that rebellion against persons in rower were inherently evil deeds which only increased entropy in the universe and were acts of the devil.

Selenium Facts - Periodic Table of the Elements

Selenium Facts - Periodic Table of the Elements Selenium  Basic Facts Atomic Number: 34 Symbol: Se Atomic Weight: 78.96 Discovery: Jà ¶ns Jakob Berzelius and Johan Gottlieb Gahn(Sweden) Electron Configuration: [Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p4 Word Origin: Greek Selene: moon Properties: Selenium has an atomic radius of 117 pm, a melting point of 220.5 °C, boiling point of 685 °C, with oxidation states of 6, 4, and -2. Selenium is a member of the sulfur group of nonmetallic elements and is similar to this element in terms of its forms and compounds. Selenium exhibits photovoltaic action, where light is converted directly into electricity, and photoconductive action, where electrical resistance decreases with increased illumination. Selenium exists in several forms, but is usually prepared with an amorphous or crystalline structure. Amorphous selenium is either red (powder form) or black (vitreous form). Crystalline monoclinic selenium is deep red; crystalline hexagonal selenium, the most stable variety, is gray with a metallic luster. Elemental selenium is fairly nontoxic and is considered an essential trace element for proper nutrition. However, hydrogen selenide (H2Se) and other selenium compounds are extremely toxic, resembling arsenic in their phy siological reactions. Selenium occurs in some soils in amounts sufficient to produce serious effects on animals feeding on plants grown from those soils (e.g., locoweed). Uses: Selenium is used in xerography to copy documents and in photographic toner. It is used in the glass industry to make ruby-red colored glasses and enamels and to decolorize glass. It is used in photocells and light meters. Because it can convert AC electricity to DC, it is widely used in rectifiers. Selenium is a p-type semiconductor below its melting point, which leads to many solid-state and electronics applications. Selenium is also used as an additive to stainless steel. Sources: Selenium occurs in the minerals crooksite and clausthalite. It has been prepared from flue dusts from processing copper sulfide ores, but the anode metal from electrolytic copper refineries is a more common source of selenium. Selenium may be recovered by roasting the mud with soda or sulfuric acid, or by smelting with soda and niter: Cu2Se Na2CO3 2O2 → 2CuO Na2SeO3 CO2 The selenite Na2SeO3 is acidified with sulphuric acid. Tellurites precipitate out of solution, leaving selenous acid, H2SeO3n. Selenium is liberated from selenous acid by SO2 H2SeO3 2SO2 H2O → Se 2H2SO4 Element Classification: Non-Metal Selenium Physical Data Density (g/cc): 4.79 Melting Point (K): 490 Boiling Point (K): 958.1 Critical Temperature (K): 1766 K Appearance: soft, similar to sulfur Isotopes: Selenium has 29 known isotopes including Se-65, Se-67 to Se-94. There are six stable isotopes: Se-74 (0.89% abundance), Se-76 (9.37% abundance), Se-77 (7.63% abundance), Se-78 (23.77% abundance), Se-80 (49.61% abundance) and Se-82 (8.73% abundance). Atomic Radius (pm): 140 Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 16.5 Covalent Radius (pm): 116 Ionic Radius: 42 (6e) 191 (-2e) Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 0.321 (Se-Se) Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 5.23 Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 59.7 Pauling Negativity Number: 2.55 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 940.4 Oxidation States: 6, 4, -2 Lattice Structure: Hexagonal Lattice Constant (Ã…): 4.360 CAS Registry Number: 7782-49-2 Selenium Trivia: Jà ¶ns Jakob Berzelius found a red sulfur-like deposit at a sulfuric acid manufacturing facility. He originally thought the deposit was the element tellurium. After further examination, he decided he had found a new element. Since tellurium was named after Tellus, or Earth goddess in Latin, he named his new element after the Greek Moon goddess Selene.Selenium is used in anti-dandruff shampoos.Gray selenium conducts electricity better when light is shined on it. Early photoelectric circuits and solar cells used selenium metal.Compounds containing selenium in the -2 oxidation state are called selenides.A combination of bismuth and selenium can be used to replace the more toxic lead in many brass alloys. (Lead is added to brass to increase its ability to be machined)Brazil nuts have the highest levels of nutritional selenium. One ounce of brazil nuts contain 544 micrograms of selenium or 777% the Recommended Daily Allowance. Quiz: Test your new selenium knowledge with the Selenium Facts Quiz. References: Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001), Crescent Chemical Company (2001), Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952), CRC Handbook of Chemistry Physics (18th Ed.) International Atomic Energy Agency ENSDF database (Oct 2010)    Return to the Periodic Table

You Can Buy Our Book On The Kindle Now

You Can Buy Our Book On The Kindle Now You Can Buy Our Book On The Kindle Now You Can Buy Our Book On The Kindle Now By Daniel Scocco The Kindle fans out there can now buy our book on that platform. Just visit the official Amazon page, and youll be able to purchase and download it immediately. If you end up buying we would appreciate if you could write a review on Amazon, as these help to give credibility to the book. You can also buy it as a PDF download if you prefer, by clicking here. How To Get Your Book on The Kindle I was surprised regarding how easy it is to get a book for sale on the Kindle store. The process took literally five minutes, and after 24 hours of review period the book was already live and available for sale. One small problem I faced was to get the formating right though. Simply uploading a PDF document wont work. Luckily one of our readers, Ray Fowler, emailed us offering his services. He converted our PDF into the .mobi format used by the Kindle, and when I uploaded it to Amazon it worked like a charm. Ray told me he is willing to give a 10% discount to all DWT readers looking for eBook conversions, audio book productions and so on. Just check his services page for more details or to get in touch with him. It will be interesting to see how the Kindle sales compare with the standard PDF sales, so Ill probably write a post updating you guys soon. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What Is Irony? (With Examples)English Grammar 101: Verb Mood20 Classic Novels You Can Read in One Sitting

Aristotle's model of communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Aristotle's model of communication - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that Aristotle introduced his communication model in 300BC. The model focuses  the issues of public speaking and advice speakers to create speech for  various  listeners on a different occasion at different times. The orator plays a significant role in the public speaking, and he or she must organize the dialogue. The presenter should manipulate the audience and persuades them. Aristotle puts the narrator in the middle of the communication process. The communication message should have an effect on the audience; thus, it should affect the receiver. The presenter takes absolute charge in the communication; thus, the he or she should prepare points in a way that can persuade the listener. He or she should be aware of the targeted listeners before preparing the speech. For instance, the care provider should understand the needs of patients before making the dialogue. This is essential because it will enable him or her to meet the demandi ng needs of patients. Thus, the speech should address the setbacks of listeners and provide valuable solutions to the setbacks. The current communication theorists are built on Aristotle‘s model because this model is broadly accepted. Aristotle’s model plays significant roles in guiding many communication researchers. The recent developments in the communication field have led to increased interest in sharing the common characteristics. Thus, many communication theorists share some aspects from the model of Aristotle.... Therefore, many recent communication theorists rely on the model of Aristotle in explaining about their development of communication models. Communication barriers generate obstacles to valuable communication; thus contributing to misinterpretations that may lead to disagreements. Varied barriers to effectual communication exist in many organizations. First, noise is among the obstacles to effectual communication. It is not easy for one to pass the message to the audience in a noisy atmosphere. The message may appear meaningless, and the recipient or listener may understand it in a different way. Secondly, unorganized thought is influential to unsuccessful communication. Another obstacle is poor knowledge about the receiver and this may hinder effective communication. The information may be deemed unsuccessful in case the correspondent does not comprehend the recipient. This may lead to misinterpretations of information; thus results to poor conveyance of the message. Dissimilar cult ural levels may lead to obstacles for valuable communication. This is because diverse organizations have their own cultural ways of thinking or understanding. This may lead to unsuccessful communication in case the dispatcher does not comprehend them. Lastly, poor connection with the listener may hamper successful communication. A superior speaker should engage the listen in communication because avoiding the audience may lead to communication barriers. Communication styles in many organizations have dramatically changed because of poor organizational management and lack of effective communication skills. Bradshaw and Lowenstein (2011) argue that making effective communication in the

Business Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Business Strategy - Essay Example Outsourcing and offshoring are some of the new business concepts contributed by globalization. These business strategies help the entrepreneurs to exploit overseas markets. Those who stick with the old business strategies may not take advantage of these revolutionary business concepts and may struggle to survive in the market. â€Å"Competition existed long before strategy. It began with life itself† (Henderson,1989, 139). Competition is becoming intense in every field of life and business is also not an exception. In order to stay in the market most of the organizations devises new strategies and approaches within and outside their organization. According to Markides (1999:6) â€Å"Behind every successful company there is a superior strategy; however there is little agreement on what strategy is or how to develop a good one†. This paper critically analyses the importance of strategy in business. Importance of strategy in business â€Å"There are two major types of str ategy: (1) corporate strategy, in which companies decide which line or lines of business to engage in; and (2) business or competitive strategy, which sets the framework for achieving success in a particular business†(Strategy formulation, n. d). Business strategy seems to be getting more attention than the corporate strategy because of the importance of it in determining future of the organization. ... For example, the recent financial crisis came quite unexpectedly and many big organizations struggled for survival. However, the negative effects of recession have not affected some organizations very much. For example, Apple Inc escaped from recession without much trouble whereas Lehman Brothers faced immense problems. This is because of the better business strategies of Apple Inc compared to that of Lehman Brothers. Negative entropy, Feedback and Steady state etc are some of the business strategies adopted by organizations. Negative entropy is a scenario in which organizations conserve something for the harder times. Apple Inc succeeded in conserving something for the harder times whereas Lehman Brother failed to do so. Feedback is another important business strategy through which an organization fine tunes its strategies. Negative feedback enables the organization to correct deviations or problems. For example, most of the new products developed by organizations will be tested in the market for a substantial period of time before the introduction of the final product. This is a business strategy adopted by organizations ensure the success of the new product in the market. Steady state refers to the balance to be maintained between inputs from the external environment and the outputs going back to it. In other words, â€Å"Companies should define their strategy not based on the product they are selling, but according to the underlying functionality of the product they are selling† (Markides, 1999, p.6). It is necessary to know the market requirement of a product before deciding about the amount of production. So the inputs from the market collected through various market research methods will help an organization decide about

The Character of Annie Essay -- Annie Essays

The Character of Annie Annie's character in this short story is represented as a girl who had spent her whole of her life previous to her marriage as a poor person. Then she married a young working-class man called Bob. Because she wanted to use Bob so she could escape from poverty. Annie married Bob so, so she could have an income. Bob's father called, Old Thompson, had lost his wife in winter. As a consequence of this, Annie and bob had to live with bob's father. Annie was pleased at first, but soon she started to feel resentment for Old Thompson. Annie soon realized that she could get rid of Old Thompson. So Bob didn't have to buy a house of their own. But what really Annie wanted was to get rid of Old Thompson and live a good life with a house of her own. She wanted to take advantage of Bob's father so she could take every thing, she felt he didn't need. Old Thompson lives in deep shock because of the death of his wife. One winter he sat on his chair in front of the fire and thought sometimes he went and took a walk on the park and sat on the bench with the su... The Character of Annie Essay -- Annie Essays The Character of Annie Annie's character in this short story is represented as a girl who had spent her whole of her life previous to her marriage as a poor person. Then she married a young working-class man called Bob. Because she wanted to use Bob so she could escape from poverty. Annie married Bob so, so she could have an income. Bob's father called, Old Thompson, had lost his wife in winter. As a consequence of this, Annie and bob had to live with bob's father. Annie was pleased at first, but soon she started to feel resentment for Old Thompson. Annie soon realized that she could get rid of Old Thompson. So Bob didn't have to buy a house of their own. But what really Annie wanted was to get rid of Old Thompson and live a good life with a house of her own. She wanted to take advantage of Bob's father so she could take every thing, she felt he didn't need. Old Thompson lives in deep shock because of the death of his wife. One winter he sat on his chair in front of the fire and thought sometimes he went and took a walk on the park and sat on the bench with the su...

Recreation, Leisure and Play Essay

The idea of leisure has been in existence for many centuries and has come to have many different meanings depending on the period in history or the civilization that it originated from. From as early as Ancient Greece, Rome or Babylonia, the term we now know as leisure has existed in some form or another. As has been widely noted in introductory recreation texts, schole was both the ancient Greek word for leisure meaning, â€Å"serious activity without the pressure of necessity† and is the root of the English word for school (Godbey, 2003). To the ancient Greeks, leisure, education, and culture were intertwined. In other words, learning was available only for the rich, people with the wealth to afford free time. Leisure, as we know it today, has changed from the original meaning of the word. From what I have read and found in various books and articles, Leisure can be defined in 3 different ways: leisure defined as a state of being or a state of mind, leisure defined as an activity, and leisure defined as time. I will discuss the various definitions of leisure today and then discuss my issues with each definition. Leisure Defined as a State of Mind Leisure defined as a state of mind is, in my mind, the least often used definition of the word. The way to understand this concept would be use it in the context such as â€Å"someone who is at leisure†; meaning freedom from anxiety, obligation, or constraint or having an internal locus of control. Locus of Control refers to an individual’s perception of main causes of events in life. More simply, having an internal locus of control means that you believe that you are the master of your own destiny. John Neulinger (1974) states: Leisure has one and only one essential criterion, and that is the condition of perceived freedom. Any activity carried out freely, without constraint or compulsion, may be considered to be leisure. â€Å"To leisure† implies being engaged in any activity as a free agent and of one’s own choice. (p. 12) Now I want you to keep in mind this idea of leisure as any activity of one’s own free willed decision because I am going to touch on it again during the leisure defined as time. Leisure Defined as an Activity Leisure defined as an activity is used widely as well. Most people would agree that leisure activity is something that is fun and enjoyable during a non-working time. This idea makes it difficult to pinpoint a leisure activity though. Understanding if the activity is performed for intrinsic or extrinsic purposes may be the deciding factor whether the activity is leisure or not. The distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic properties plays an essential role in stating several interesting philosophical problems. Why am I performing this action? If you are doing the activity because you enjoy it, then you are performing it for its intrinsic value. If you do not want to participate in an activity, but you know that you will benefit from the activity, you are performing it for its extrinsic value. An example would be a person who practices on the piano because they like to play, versus a person who practices piano because they want to win a music contest. Who of the two is experiencing leisure as an activity? Most people would agree that the first person is definitely experiencing leisure as an activity. The second person is where the debate lays. It is the same exact activity as the first person, but the motivation for performing the activity is different. I feel that as long as you, as a free willed individual, choose to perform any activity then you are experiencing leisure as an activity because you are fulfilling your desires. I feel that the only time when you are may not experience leisure is when you are dying. If you have lived a long life and eventually die from old age, I do not believe that you made the decision out of free will to pass away. Although, if a person commits suicide, does that persons free willed decision make the act of dying a leisure activity? Some good questions to ask: If your career is your passion, are you always at leisure? Conversely, is a person without a job always at leisure? Musicians, professional athletes, and the homeless are all specific examples of situations that may help answer these questions. Leisure Defined as Time Leisure defined as time may be the most commonly understood meaning of the word today because of its positive connotations (Martin, 1975). People often use the word leisure and the term free time interchangeably. On the surface this definition seems fine, but as you delve deeper and ask difficult questions, it starts to become less clear. What is free time? Free time is defined as time free of obligations or responsibilities, or time to do with what you please. As Neulinger stated his definition of leisure, performing the activity out of free will is the deciding factor for whether it is leisure or not. This idea brings this thought to mind. All human beings have been blessed with the gift of free will; a consciousness of who we are and of the decisions we make. Without consciousness we would still be aware of what is going on around us, but we would react to it in a reflexive, instinctive way. With consciousness, we can deliberately weigh what the senses tell us, and respond accordingly. If this definition holds true, shouldn’t all of life be considered leisure? Every decision, every action, comes from our decisions of our own free will. If we continue with this thought, some questions arise: †¢ Are there any instances in life that would prevent you from experiencing free will? †¢ Do we always make decisions based on our desires? †¢ Do having priorities that are not in sync with our desires negate our free will? These questions came after having a conversation with my friend. She told me that when you are a parent, you have obligations to your children that may interfere with your free time. This is where the damn breaks open and it is up to the individual to decide. Her question was, â€Å"What if my needs as a parent cannot be fulfilled because I have work to make sure my kids are fed and clothed? † I feel that even though you have the responsibility as a parent to provide for your children, you made the decision to have a child knowing full well the obligations and responsibilities that would ultimately come with that decision. Free time, who would have thought two little words, would bring up so many questions? My Definition of Leisure After contemplating on the various definitions of the term leisure I propose the following: Leisure is the phenomenon experienced by all self aware beings whose decisions are based out of free will, whether those decisions are made in the conscious or subconscious mind of the individual. Recreation Recreation is any activity which is relaxing to humans or provides diversions from their normal routine, and in many ways is also a therapeutic refreshment of one’s body or mind. Any activity can potentially be a recreational one. Vacations to exotic islands, sporting events, meditation, watching television, or playing monopoly are all forms of recreation. A key factor to the activity being considered a recreational activity is whether or not it is pleasurable. If the activity is not pleasurable then the activity cannot be considered recreational because it is not rejuvenating to the body or mind. For example, a couple travels to the Caribbean for a second honeymoon. They have planned the vacation far in advance and the tickets and reservations are non-refundable. Upon arriving, the weather is awful and the couple is unable to participate in any of the activities they had planned for the trip. Even though the fact they were engaging in a commercial recreational activity, the weather prevented them from having an enjoyable time and therefore the vacation was not recreating to oneself or another. With the information provided, this vacation would not be classified as recreation. Fairchild defined recreation as â€Å"any activity pursued during leisure, either individual or collective, that is free and pleasurable, having its own immediate appeal, not impelled by a delayed reward beyond itself† (Fairchild, 1944). Another aspect of recreation was presented by Gray and Greben (1974) as: an emotional condition within an individual human being that flows from a feeling of well-being and self-satisfaction. It is characterized by feeling of mastery, achievement, exhilaration, acceptance, success, personal worth, and pleasure. It reinforces positive self-image. Recreation is a response to aesthetic experience, achievement of personal goals, or positive feedback from others. It is independent of activity, leisure, or personal acceptance. (p. 23) This definition is not focused on the activity itself, but on the individual’s reaction to the activity; the individuals state of mind. I would agree that this definition touches the heart of the subject much better. I stated earlier that any activity has the potential of being a recreational activity. This is true because it depends on how the individual feels about the activity. Most people experience pleasure during activities like exercise, sports, relaxing, and vacationing. If you think along these lines then it is easy to understand why some activities are generalized as recreational and why some are not. Although some people consider work pleasurable, most people do not love their job. This is why I believe that work is not universally accepted as recreational. My Definition of Recreation After contemplating on the various definitions of the term recreation I propose the following: Recreation is a positive state of mind achieved during any physical or non-physical activities characterized by feelings which are rejuvenating and recreating to the body and spirit. Play Leisure and recreation as I discussed them are states of mind experienced by an individual. Play, although related to these concepts, is different in the fact that it is a means to achieve this positive state of mind which all living beings desire. Play has existed since the beginning of time. Johan Huizinga (1950) described the characteristics of play as: †¢ Voluntary behavior †¢ Stepping outside of â€Å"ordinary life† †¢ Secluded and limited in time and space †¢ Not serious but absorbs the player intensely †¢ Bounded by rules †¢ Promoting formation of social groups that surround themselves with secrecy As you read the characteristics, you realize that they appear in all forms of play. Although play is a common occurrence within all ages of life, it is a concept that it liked to immaturity in today’s society. The Instinctual Aspect of Play. Play is a puzzle to scientists. Why do animals spend so much time and energy doing such silly things that seem to have no purpose? The struggle for survival in nature is deadly serious. What place is there for activities that don’t help animals eat, grow, and reproduce? Play is also very risky. Animals can break bones, pull muscles, or get bitten too hard. In a study of 14 Siberian ibexes (wild goats), more than one-third were hurt badly enough during play to cause limps-a serious concern in the race for survival. And animals can become so wrapped up in play that they are unaware of danger. One study showed that 80 percent of the deaths among young fur seals occurred because the playing pups didn’t see predators coming! (Braaf 2003,  ¶ 4) Why is play worth the risk? Many scientists believe it’s essential for survival-as important as food or sleep. Why Play? Most scientists believe that when animals play, they are practicing skills they’ll need later in life. This is why different kinds of animals play in different ways. Young predators, such as wolves, lions, and bears, play by stalking, pouncing, biting, and shaking their heads from side to side. They’re honing their skills for when they will run down, catch, and kill prey. When a wolf pup chases its own tail, bites it, and yanks it back and forth, the pup is rehearsing skills it’ll need one day as a hunter. Research shows that smarter animals spend more time playing. Elephants play more than horses. Chimps play more than macaques. Wolves play more than rabbits. And parrots play more than either ducks or sparrows. Smarter animals also play in more creative and complex ways. Not surprisingly, humans and chimpanzees are among the most playful species. (Braaf 2003,  ¶ 9) Here are three questions to start with: Why do humans play? Is play something that is learned, or is it instinctual? And what purpose does it serve in humans? To answer the first question, Godbey (2003) presents the following: If you put a person in a dark tank of water heated to same temperature as their body in a dark room devoid of sound, their need for stimulation will be so great that they will usually start to hallucinate. If you are walking down the street with nothing much absorbing your attention, you may start to notice cracks in the sidewalk and make up a game in which you have to avoid stepping on them. (p. 46) In conclusion, humans need stimulation. If the mind is idle then the person will seek out the stimulation in his or her surroundings. Whether or play is instinctual or learned, I believe that it is both. Most games that we play are learned, such as baseball, hide and seek, or even make believe games such as house. Obviously, not all forms of play are taught though. As in the example from Godbey, a person will make up a form of play if there are no other options for stimulation. Finally to understand the purpose of play in humans we must first discuss the four forms of play developed by Caillois (1958). †¢ The pursuit of vertigo in which one tries to momentarily destroy the stability of perception, escaping reality for the moment. †¢ Games of chance †¢ Make Believe †¢ Contests which require appropriate training, the application of skill, and the desire to win As in animals in the wild, play is used to hone a person’s skill for later in life. Some examples of this are interacting with other children on the playground, which will increase social skills, hitting rocks with a stick, which will increase hand-eye coordination, and cloud watching, which will develop a persons imagination. My Definition of Play After contemplating on the various definitions of the term play I propose the following: Play is voluntary behavior, bounded by rules, experienced by both human and non-human beings, which stimulates the mind and body, prepares an individual for similar future situations, and allows for personal growth within the individual. How Leisure, Recreation, and Play Relate Now that I have discussed my definitions of leisure, recreation, and play, I will explain how my definitions are related to one another. As I stated earlier, Leisure is the phenomenon experienced by all self aware beings whose decisions are based out of free will, whether those decisions are made in the conscious or subconscious mind of the individual. Life, to me, is leisure because of our ability to act out of free will. The question should not be, â€Å"Is this activity a leisure activity? †, but rather, â€Å"Is this activity considered good or bad leisure? † Recreation, I feel, is a subset of leisure. All of recreation can be considered leisure, but not the converse. Recreation is a positive state of mind achieved during any physical or non-physical activities characterized by feelings which are rejuvenating and recreating to the body and spirit. The reason that not all of leisure can be considered recreation is because not all of life is recreating to the mind and spirit. Play is a subset of recreation. Similar to leisure and Recreation, all of play is recreation, but not the converse. Play is voluntary behavior, bounded by rules, experienced by both human and non-human beings, which stimulates the mind and body, prepares an individual for similar future situations, and allows for personal growth within the individual. The main difference is that play is bounded by rules where recreation is not. Some examples of recreation that are not considered play would be meditation, reading, or watching TV. If you look at the following diagram, I think it makes it easier to understand the relationship between all three of the concepts. [pic] Leisure is all encompassing. Within it lays recreation and play. Although they are both within leisure there are still some aspects of leisure that are not considered recreation. This blue arrow points to this area. The red arrow points to the area that is recreational but does not classify as play. Quality of Life The well-being or quality of life of a person is an important concern when trying to understand leisure, recreation, and play in an individual’s life. Understanding quality of life is today particularly important in health care, where monetary measures do not readily apply. Decisions on what research or treatments to invest the most in are closely related to their effect of a patient’s quality of life. There are many components to well-being. A large part is standard of living, the amount of money and access to goods and services that a person has; these numbers are fairly easily measured. Others components like freedom, happiness, art, environmental health, and innovation are far harder to measure and are generally considered to be more important. There are two main strategies we can adopt to improve the quality of life in our everyday lives. The first is to try making external conditions match our goals. The second is to change how we experience external conditions to make them fit our goals better. Neither of the strategies is effective when used alone. Changing external conditions might seem to work at first, but if a person is not in control of his or her consciousness, the old fears or desires will soon return, reviving previous anxieties. (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990, p. 89) For instance, feeling secure is an important component of happiness. The sense of security can be improved by purchasing a gun for home protection, placing security locks on the front door, having an alarm unit installed, or moving to a safer neighborhood. All of these actions would fall under making our external conditions fit our goals better. One also has to understand that perfect safety is, in all reality, not possible and risks are inevitable. Once a person understands this then the threat of insecurity will not have as great of a chance of having a person live in fear; ultimately ruining ones quality of life. In society today, wealth, status and power have become symbols of happiness. People often assume that the rich and famous have very rewarding lives just because of their status. We often assume that life would be better if we were in other peoples shoes. The reality of the situation is that quality of life does not depend directly on what others think about us or what we own, but rather how we feel about ourselves and what happens to us in our everyday lives. Some people today suffer from affluenza, the bloated, sluggish and unfulfilled feeling that results from efforts to keep up with the Joneses. It is an epidemic of stress, overwork, waste and indebtedness caused by dogged pursuit of the American Dream. In layman’s terms, affluenza is experienced when people have the mentality that their possessions is what defines them as an individual. This is not to say that having nice things, being famous, or being is peak physical condition are irrelevant to happiness. These things can be genuine blessings but only if they make us feel better without having to sacrifice other important aspects of our life. Research on happiness suggests that in general, there is a mild correlation between wealth and well-being. Given these observations, instead of worrying about how to make a million dollars or how to win friends and influence people, it seems more beneficial to find out how everyday life can be made more harmonious and more satisfying, and thus achieve by a direct route what cannot be reached through the pursuit of symbolic goals (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990, p. 91). How Leisure, Recreation and Play Affect Quality of Life Everyone is familiar with stress. We experience it in varying forms and degrees every day. In small doses, stress can actually be beneficial to us. It is only when the stress becomes too great, affecting our physical or mental functioning, that it becomes a problem. The stress response of the body is meant to protect and support us. To maintain stability or homeostasis, the body is constantly adjusting to its surroundings. When a physical or mental event threatens this equilibrium, we react to it. This process is often referred to as the â€Å"fight or flight response. † We prepare for physical action in order to confront or flee a threat. When it is part of a natural reaction to challenge or danger, the body’s response is called positive stress. However, when you feel out of control or under intense pressure, you may experience the physical, emotional, or relational symptoms brought on by negative stress. Stress can cause both physical and emotional in an individual’s life. Stress adversely affects reproduction, sexual behavior, and growth. Stress inhibits the immune system, making you more vulnerable to colds, flu, fatigue and infections. Leisure, recreation and play are natural ways to reduce negative stress that builds up in the body therefore improving ones quality of life. The human body is like any other system in nature. If we don’t have ways to vent our stress from everyday life through activities that are pleasurable, we will start to experience the negative side effects of stress. Final Thoughts My thoughts on the subject of leisure, recreation, and play before this paper could not be further from where my thoughts are now. I feel that too much emphasis is placed on unimportant things today. Society, more so than ever, has gotten into the habit of treating the symptoms of people, instead of treating the individual. I feel that having a better understanding of the concepts of recreation, leisure, and play and the role they play in your life will ultimately lead to a happier and hopefully longer life. Refrences Braaf, E. (2003). Why animals love to play. Retrieved September 20, 2006, from Find Articles Website: http://www. findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_qa4128/ is_200311/ai_n9307508/pg_1 Caillois, R. (1958). Man, play and games. Glencoe, IL: The Free press. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow ‘ The Psychology of Optimal Experience. New York, NY. Harper and Row. Fairchild, H. (1944). Dictionary of sociology (pp. 251-252). New York, NY: Philosophical Library. Godbey, G. (2003). Leisure in your life: An exploration. State College, PA: Venture Publishing. Gray, D. and Greben, S. (1974, July). Future Perspectives. Parks and recreation, 61, 49 Hiuzinga, J. (1950). Homo ludens: A study of the play element in culture. Boston, MA: Beacon Press Martin, A. (1975, March). Leisure and our inner resources. Parks and Recreation, 69. 1-16 Neulinger, J. (1974). The psychology of leisure: Research approaches to the study of leisure. Springfield, IL: Charles Thomas Publishers.

Are Transgender Communities Getting The Rights That They...

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