The Character of Annie Essay -- Annie Essays

The Character of Annie Annie's character in this short story is represented as a girl who had spent her whole of her life previous to her marriage as a poor person. Then she married a young working-class man called Bob. Because she wanted to use Bob so she could escape from poverty. Annie married Bob so, so she could have an income. Bob's father called, Old Thompson, had lost his wife in winter. As a consequence of this, Annie and bob had to live with bob's father. Annie was pleased at first, but soon she started to feel resentment for Old Thompson. Annie soon realized that she could get rid of Old Thompson. So Bob didn't have to buy a house of their own. But what really Annie wanted was to get rid of Old Thompson and live a good life with a house of her own. She wanted to take advantage of Bob's father so she could take every thing, she felt he didn't need. Old Thompson lives in deep shock because of the death of his wife. One winter he sat on his chair in front of the fire and thought sometimes he went and took a walk on the park and sat on the bench with the su... The Character of Annie Essay -- Annie Essays The Character of Annie Annie's character in this short story is represented as a girl who had spent her whole of her life previous to her marriage as a poor person. Then she married a young working-class man called Bob. Because she wanted to use Bob so she could escape from poverty. Annie married Bob so, so she could have an income. Bob's father called, Old Thompson, had lost his wife in winter. As a consequence of this, Annie and bob had to live with bob's father. Annie was pleased at first, but soon she started to feel resentment for Old Thompson. Annie soon realized that she could get rid of Old Thompson. So Bob didn't have to buy a house of their own. But what really Annie wanted was to get rid of Old Thompson and live a good life with a house of her own. She wanted to take advantage of Bob's father so she could take every thing, she felt he didn't need. Old Thompson lives in deep shock because of the death of his wife. One winter he sat on his chair in front of the fire and thought sometimes he went and took a walk on the park and sat on the bench with the su...

Recreation, Leisure and Play Essay

The idea of leisure has been in existence for many centuries and has come to have many different meanings depending on the period in history or the civilization that it originated from. From as early as Ancient Greece, Rome or Babylonia, the term we now know as leisure has existed in some form or another. As has been widely noted in introductory recreation texts, schole was both the ancient Greek word for leisure meaning, â€Å"serious activity without the pressure of necessity† and is the root of the English word for school (Godbey, 2003). To the ancient Greeks, leisure, education, and culture were intertwined. In other words, learning was available only for the rich, people with the wealth to afford free time. Leisure, as we know it today, has changed from the original meaning of the word. From what I have read and found in various books and articles, Leisure can be defined in 3 different ways: leisure defined as a state of being or a state of mind, leisure defined as an activity, and leisure defined as time. I will discuss the various definitions of leisure today and then discuss my issues with each definition. Leisure Defined as a State of Mind Leisure defined as a state of mind is, in my mind, the least often used definition of the word. The way to understand this concept would be use it in the context such as â€Å"someone who is at leisure†; meaning freedom from anxiety, obligation, or constraint or having an internal locus of control. Locus of Control refers to an individual’s perception of main causes of events in life. More simply, having an internal locus of control means that you believe that you are the master of your own destiny. John Neulinger (1974) states: Leisure has one and only one essential criterion, and that is the condition of perceived freedom. Any activity carried out freely, without constraint or compulsion, may be considered to be leisure. â€Å"To leisure† implies being engaged in any activity as a free agent and of one’s own choice. (p. 12) Now I want you to keep in mind this idea of leisure as any activity of one’s own free willed decision because I am going to touch on it again during the leisure defined as time. Leisure Defined as an Activity Leisure defined as an activity is used widely as well. Most people would agree that leisure activity is something that is fun and enjoyable during a non-working time. This idea makes it difficult to pinpoint a leisure activity though. Understanding if the activity is performed for intrinsic or extrinsic purposes may be the deciding factor whether the activity is leisure or not. The distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic properties plays an essential role in stating several interesting philosophical problems. Why am I performing this action? If you are doing the activity because you enjoy it, then you are performing it for its intrinsic value. If you do not want to participate in an activity, but you know that you will benefit from the activity, you are performing it for its extrinsic value. An example would be a person who practices on the piano because they like to play, versus a person who practices piano because they want to win a music contest. Who of the two is experiencing leisure as an activity? Most people would agree that the first person is definitely experiencing leisure as an activity. The second person is where the debate lays. It is the same exact activity as the first person, but the motivation for performing the activity is different. I feel that as long as you, as a free willed individual, choose to perform any activity then you are experiencing leisure as an activity because you are fulfilling your desires. I feel that the only time when you are may not experience leisure is when you are dying. If you have lived a long life and eventually die from old age, I do not believe that you made the decision out of free will to pass away. Although, if a person commits suicide, does that persons free willed decision make the act of dying a leisure activity? Some good questions to ask: If your career is your passion, are you always at leisure? Conversely, is a person without a job always at leisure? Musicians, professional athletes, and the homeless are all specific examples of situations that may help answer these questions. Leisure Defined as Time Leisure defined as time may be the most commonly understood meaning of the word today because of its positive connotations (Martin, 1975). People often use the word leisure and the term free time interchangeably. On the surface this definition seems fine, but as you delve deeper and ask difficult questions, it starts to become less clear. What is free time? Free time is defined as time free of obligations or responsibilities, or time to do with what you please. As Neulinger stated his definition of leisure, performing the activity out of free will is the deciding factor for whether it is leisure or not. This idea brings this thought to mind. All human beings have been blessed with the gift of free will; a consciousness of who we are and of the decisions we make. Without consciousness we would still be aware of what is going on around us, but we would react to it in a reflexive, instinctive way. With consciousness, we can deliberately weigh what the senses tell us, and respond accordingly. If this definition holds true, shouldn’t all of life be considered leisure? Every decision, every action, comes from our decisions of our own free will. If we continue with this thought, some questions arise: †¢ Are there any instances in life that would prevent you from experiencing free will? †¢ Do we always make decisions based on our desires? †¢ Do having priorities that are not in sync with our desires negate our free will? These questions came after having a conversation with my friend. She told me that when you are a parent, you have obligations to your children that may interfere with your free time. This is where the damn breaks open and it is up to the individual to decide. Her question was, â€Å"What if my needs as a parent cannot be fulfilled because I have work to make sure my kids are fed and clothed? † I feel that even though you have the responsibility as a parent to provide for your children, you made the decision to have a child knowing full well the obligations and responsibilities that would ultimately come with that decision. Free time, who would have thought two little words, would bring up so many questions? My Definition of Leisure After contemplating on the various definitions of the term leisure I propose the following: Leisure is the phenomenon experienced by all self aware beings whose decisions are based out of free will, whether those decisions are made in the conscious or subconscious mind of the individual. Recreation Recreation is any activity which is relaxing to humans or provides diversions from their normal routine, and in many ways is also a therapeutic refreshment of one’s body or mind. Any activity can potentially be a recreational one. Vacations to exotic islands, sporting events, meditation, watching television, or playing monopoly are all forms of recreation. A key factor to the activity being considered a recreational activity is whether or not it is pleasurable. If the activity is not pleasurable then the activity cannot be considered recreational because it is not rejuvenating to the body or mind. For example, a couple travels to the Caribbean for a second honeymoon. They have planned the vacation far in advance and the tickets and reservations are non-refundable. Upon arriving, the weather is awful and the couple is unable to participate in any of the activities they had planned for the trip. Even though the fact they were engaging in a commercial recreational activity, the weather prevented them from having an enjoyable time and therefore the vacation was not recreating to oneself or another. With the information provided, this vacation would not be classified as recreation. Fairchild defined recreation as â€Å"any activity pursued during leisure, either individual or collective, that is free and pleasurable, having its own immediate appeal, not impelled by a delayed reward beyond itself† (Fairchild, 1944). Another aspect of recreation was presented by Gray and Greben (1974) as: an emotional condition within an individual human being that flows from a feeling of well-being and self-satisfaction. It is characterized by feeling of mastery, achievement, exhilaration, acceptance, success, personal worth, and pleasure. It reinforces positive self-image. Recreation is a response to aesthetic experience, achievement of personal goals, or positive feedback from others. It is independent of activity, leisure, or personal acceptance. (p. 23) This definition is not focused on the activity itself, but on the individual’s reaction to the activity; the individuals state of mind. I would agree that this definition touches the heart of the subject much better. I stated earlier that any activity has the potential of being a recreational activity. This is true because it depends on how the individual feels about the activity. Most people experience pleasure during activities like exercise, sports, relaxing, and vacationing. If you think along these lines then it is easy to understand why some activities are generalized as recreational and why some are not. Although some people consider work pleasurable, most people do not love their job. This is why I believe that work is not universally accepted as recreational. My Definition of Recreation After contemplating on the various definitions of the term recreation I propose the following: Recreation is a positive state of mind achieved during any physical or non-physical activities characterized by feelings which are rejuvenating and recreating to the body and spirit. Play Leisure and recreation as I discussed them are states of mind experienced by an individual. Play, although related to these concepts, is different in the fact that it is a means to achieve this positive state of mind which all living beings desire. Play has existed since the beginning of time. Johan Huizinga (1950) described the characteristics of play as: †¢ Voluntary behavior †¢ Stepping outside of â€Å"ordinary life† †¢ Secluded and limited in time and space †¢ Not serious but absorbs the player intensely †¢ Bounded by rules †¢ Promoting formation of social groups that surround themselves with secrecy As you read the characteristics, you realize that they appear in all forms of play. Although play is a common occurrence within all ages of life, it is a concept that it liked to immaturity in today’s society. The Instinctual Aspect of Play. Play is a puzzle to scientists. Why do animals spend so much time and energy doing such silly things that seem to have no purpose? The struggle for survival in nature is deadly serious. What place is there for activities that don’t help animals eat, grow, and reproduce? Play is also very risky. Animals can break bones, pull muscles, or get bitten too hard. In a study of 14 Siberian ibexes (wild goats), more than one-third were hurt badly enough during play to cause limps-a serious concern in the race for survival. And animals can become so wrapped up in play that they are unaware of danger. One study showed that 80 percent of the deaths among young fur seals occurred because the playing pups didn’t see predators coming! (Braaf 2003,  ¶ 4) Why is play worth the risk? Many scientists believe it’s essential for survival-as important as food or sleep. Why Play? Most scientists believe that when animals play, they are practicing skills they’ll need later in life. This is why different kinds of animals play in different ways. Young predators, such as wolves, lions, and bears, play by stalking, pouncing, biting, and shaking their heads from side to side. They’re honing their skills for when they will run down, catch, and kill prey. When a wolf pup chases its own tail, bites it, and yanks it back and forth, the pup is rehearsing skills it’ll need one day as a hunter. Research shows that smarter animals spend more time playing. Elephants play more than horses. Chimps play more than macaques. Wolves play more than rabbits. And parrots play more than either ducks or sparrows. Smarter animals also play in more creative and complex ways. Not surprisingly, humans and chimpanzees are among the most playful species. (Braaf 2003,  ¶ 9) Here are three questions to start with: Why do humans play? Is play something that is learned, or is it instinctual? And what purpose does it serve in humans? To answer the first question, Godbey (2003) presents the following: If you put a person in a dark tank of water heated to same temperature as their body in a dark room devoid of sound, their need for stimulation will be so great that they will usually start to hallucinate. If you are walking down the street with nothing much absorbing your attention, you may start to notice cracks in the sidewalk and make up a game in which you have to avoid stepping on them. (p. 46) In conclusion, humans need stimulation. If the mind is idle then the person will seek out the stimulation in his or her surroundings. Whether or play is instinctual or learned, I believe that it is both. Most games that we play are learned, such as baseball, hide and seek, or even make believe games such as house. Obviously, not all forms of play are taught though. As in the example from Godbey, a person will make up a form of play if there are no other options for stimulation. Finally to understand the purpose of play in humans we must first discuss the four forms of play developed by Caillois (1958). †¢ The pursuit of vertigo in which one tries to momentarily destroy the stability of perception, escaping reality for the moment. †¢ Games of chance †¢ Make Believe †¢ Contests which require appropriate training, the application of skill, and the desire to win As in animals in the wild, play is used to hone a person’s skill for later in life. Some examples of this are interacting with other children on the playground, which will increase social skills, hitting rocks with a stick, which will increase hand-eye coordination, and cloud watching, which will develop a persons imagination. My Definition of Play After contemplating on the various definitions of the term play I propose the following: Play is voluntary behavior, bounded by rules, experienced by both human and non-human beings, which stimulates the mind and body, prepares an individual for similar future situations, and allows for personal growth within the individual. How Leisure, Recreation, and Play Relate Now that I have discussed my definitions of leisure, recreation, and play, I will explain how my definitions are related to one another. As I stated earlier, Leisure is the phenomenon experienced by all self aware beings whose decisions are based out of free will, whether those decisions are made in the conscious or subconscious mind of the individual. Life, to me, is leisure because of our ability to act out of free will. The question should not be, â€Å"Is this activity a leisure activity? †, but rather, â€Å"Is this activity considered good or bad leisure? † Recreation, I feel, is a subset of leisure. All of recreation can be considered leisure, but not the converse. Recreation is a positive state of mind achieved during any physical or non-physical activities characterized by feelings which are rejuvenating and recreating to the body and spirit. The reason that not all of leisure can be considered recreation is because not all of life is recreating to the mind and spirit. Play is a subset of recreation. Similar to leisure and Recreation, all of play is recreation, but not the converse. Play is voluntary behavior, bounded by rules, experienced by both human and non-human beings, which stimulates the mind and body, prepares an individual for similar future situations, and allows for personal growth within the individual. The main difference is that play is bounded by rules where recreation is not. Some examples of recreation that are not considered play would be meditation, reading, or watching TV. If you look at the following diagram, I think it makes it easier to understand the relationship between all three of the concepts. [pic] Leisure is all encompassing. Within it lays recreation and play. Although they are both within leisure there are still some aspects of leisure that are not considered recreation. This blue arrow points to this area. The red arrow points to the area that is recreational but does not classify as play. Quality of Life The well-being or quality of life of a person is an important concern when trying to understand leisure, recreation, and play in an individual’s life. Understanding quality of life is today particularly important in health care, where monetary measures do not readily apply. Decisions on what research or treatments to invest the most in are closely related to their effect of a patient’s quality of life. There are many components to well-being. A large part is standard of living, the amount of money and access to goods and services that a person has; these numbers are fairly easily measured. Others components like freedom, happiness, art, environmental health, and innovation are far harder to measure and are generally considered to be more important. There are two main strategies we can adopt to improve the quality of life in our everyday lives. The first is to try making external conditions match our goals. The second is to change how we experience external conditions to make them fit our goals better. Neither of the strategies is effective when used alone. Changing external conditions might seem to work at first, but if a person is not in control of his or her consciousness, the old fears or desires will soon return, reviving previous anxieties. (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990, p. 89) For instance, feeling secure is an important component of happiness. The sense of security can be improved by purchasing a gun for home protection, placing security locks on the front door, having an alarm unit installed, or moving to a safer neighborhood. All of these actions would fall under making our external conditions fit our goals better. One also has to understand that perfect safety is, in all reality, not possible and risks are inevitable. Once a person understands this then the threat of insecurity will not have as great of a chance of having a person live in fear; ultimately ruining ones quality of life. In society today, wealth, status and power have become symbols of happiness. People often assume that the rich and famous have very rewarding lives just because of their status. We often assume that life would be better if we were in other peoples shoes. The reality of the situation is that quality of life does not depend directly on what others think about us or what we own, but rather how we feel about ourselves and what happens to us in our everyday lives. Some people today suffer from affluenza, the bloated, sluggish and unfulfilled feeling that results from efforts to keep up with the Joneses. It is an epidemic of stress, overwork, waste and indebtedness caused by dogged pursuit of the American Dream. In layman’s terms, affluenza is experienced when people have the mentality that their possessions is what defines them as an individual. This is not to say that having nice things, being famous, or being is peak physical condition are irrelevant to happiness. These things can be genuine blessings but only if they make us feel better without having to sacrifice other important aspects of our life. Research on happiness suggests that in general, there is a mild correlation between wealth and well-being. Given these observations, instead of worrying about how to make a million dollars or how to win friends and influence people, it seems more beneficial to find out how everyday life can be made more harmonious and more satisfying, and thus achieve by a direct route what cannot be reached through the pursuit of symbolic goals (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990, p. 91). How Leisure, Recreation and Play Affect Quality of Life Everyone is familiar with stress. We experience it in varying forms and degrees every day. In small doses, stress can actually be beneficial to us. It is only when the stress becomes too great, affecting our physical or mental functioning, that it becomes a problem. The stress response of the body is meant to protect and support us. To maintain stability or homeostasis, the body is constantly adjusting to its surroundings. When a physical or mental event threatens this equilibrium, we react to it. This process is often referred to as the â€Å"fight or flight response. † We prepare for physical action in order to confront or flee a threat. When it is part of a natural reaction to challenge or danger, the body’s response is called positive stress. However, when you feel out of control or under intense pressure, you may experience the physical, emotional, or relational symptoms brought on by negative stress. Stress can cause both physical and emotional in an individual’s life. Stress adversely affects reproduction, sexual behavior, and growth. Stress inhibits the immune system, making you more vulnerable to colds, flu, fatigue and infections. Leisure, recreation and play are natural ways to reduce negative stress that builds up in the body therefore improving ones quality of life. The human body is like any other system in nature. If we don’t have ways to vent our stress from everyday life through activities that are pleasurable, we will start to experience the negative side effects of stress. Final Thoughts My thoughts on the subject of leisure, recreation, and play before this paper could not be further from where my thoughts are now. I feel that too much emphasis is placed on unimportant things today. Society, more so than ever, has gotten into the habit of treating the symptoms of people, instead of treating the individual. I feel that having a better understanding of the concepts of recreation, leisure, and play and the role they play in your life will ultimately lead to a happier and hopefully longer life. Refrences Braaf, E. (2003). Why animals love to play. Retrieved September 20, 2006, from Find Articles Website: http://www. findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_qa4128/ is_200311/ai_n9307508/pg_1 Caillois, R. (1958). Man, play and games. Glencoe, IL: The Free press. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow ‘ The Psychology of Optimal Experience. New York, NY. Harper and Row. Fairchild, H. (1944). Dictionary of sociology (pp. 251-252). New York, NY: Philosophical Library. Godbey, G. (2003). Leisure in your life: An exploration. State College, PA: Venture Publishing. Gray, D. and Greben, S. (1974, July). Future Perspectives. Parks and recreation, 61, 49 Hiuzinga, J. (1950). Homo ludens: A study of the play element in culture. Boston, MA: Beacon Press Martin, A. (1975, March). Leisure and our inner resources. Parks and Recreation, 69. 1-16 Neulinger, J. (1974). The psychology of leisure: Research approaches to the study of leisure. Springfield, IL: Charles Thomas Publishers.

Are Transgender Communities Getting The Rights That They...

Are transgender communities getting the rights that they deserve? The answer is no. Most states have no laws that protect against the LGBT community. However, there are several states that have implemented laws that will accommodate the community with the same rights that a person who does not struggle with their sexual identity. â€Å"California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, Washington, and the District of Columbia all have such laws† (â€Å"Transgender People and the Law†). The most common confusion that falls under these anti-discrimination laws is whether it protects transgender men and women in using the appropriate restroom for their claimed status of sexual identity. On the flip note, many people feel uncomfortable to be sharing the restroom with a person who was born a man, however, identifies herself as a woman and vice versa. Th e problem is not who is using the â€Å"proper† restroom, the problem is people who are demanding greater rights than a transgender individual. The use of public restrooms in the transgender community is a tedious and astounding dispute among millions of Americans across the nation. According to Rudin et al, â€Å"Collectively, transgender individuals are estimated to account for 1 percent of transgender communities who feel uncomfortable every day even using the restroom. Herman states that â€Å"Sixty-eight percent of respondentsShow MoreRelatedQuestions On Discrimination And Discrimination1203 Words   |  5 Pagesaccomplishes this lawfully is a very touchy subject. Many believe that HB2 goes against our right to equality, privacy, and freedom of speech. Many also find this law to be very vague because of how they worded the sections pertaining to our rights. 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Jane Austen - Pride and Prejudice - 2237 Words

In the novel, Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen asserts that a happy marriage comes not from the compliance with social conventions, but rather from the compatibility between the personalities of two individuals. The interclass marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Bennet, and the expected intraclass marriage of Lady Catherines daughter stand as a foil to the true happiness in the interclass marriage of Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy. A lack of affection, esteem and congruity between the Bennets, and likewise between Miss de Bourgh and Mr. Darcy, results in an unsuccessful marriage and a potentially unsuccessful marriage, respectively, while the paradigm of these qualities between Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy generate a successful relationship. By illustrating†¦show more content†¦When Elizabeth first sees Miss de Bourgh, she describes her as pale and sickly [and] her features, though not plain, were insignificant; and she spoke very little (159). This description wholly lacks the liveliness of Eliza beths eyes and mind with which Mr. Darcy falls in love. Mr. Darcys impartiality toward Miss de Bourgh is confirmed by Elizabeths observations of Mr. Darcy in Lady Catherines house. After listening to Lady Catherine flattering her daughter in front of Mr. Darcy, Elizabeth looked at Darcy to see how cordially he assented to his cousins praise; but neither at that moment nor at any other could she discern any symptom of love (172). Although Austen mentions nothing concerning Miss de Bourghs feelings, the lack of emotional attachment from at least Mr. Darcy negates the potential of a happy marriage. Nevertheless, Lady Catherine argues with Elizabeth that the marriage of Mr. Darcy and her daughter is meant to be due to their complementary wealth and status. Austen demonstrates her disagreement with this sort of aristocratic thought through Elizabeths rebuttal, that if Mr. Darcy wishes to marry Miss de Bourgh he will, and If Mr. Darcy is neither by honour nor inclination confined to his c ousin, why is not he to make another choice?(336). Lady Catherine furthers her argument by insulting Elizabeth in terms of her social standing,Show MoreRelatedPride And Prejudice By Jane Austen Essay1724 Words   |  7 PagesThe 18th century novel, Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen, is a fascinating book about a young woman’s struggle with family and love. Pride and Prejudice was originally published in 1813, but, the most common version of the story, and the one used for this research, is from the version published in 1892, still by only Jane Austen, though many other authors have contributed to this book over time. 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The two main characters seem to be on opposite ends of the earth in terms of an affluent Mr. Darcy being so privileged while on the contrary, Miss Elizabeth Bennet is of a lower class. Throughout the novel, there is a fine distinction between their clashing opinions and actions that are highly influencedRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen Essay1711 Words   |  7 Pageshe 18th century novel , Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen, is a fascinating book about a young woman’s struggle with family and love. Pride and Prejudice was originally published in 1813, but, the most common version of the story, and the one used for this research, is from the version published in 1892, still by only Jane Austen, though many other authors have contributed to this book over time. Austen often references the class system at the time, often noting one of the multiple heroine’s struggleRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen1285 Words   |  6 PagesPride and Prejudice Analysis I.Introduction Jane Austen wrote her novels during the time period known as the Regency. The Enlightenment and the Age of Reason, a time where ideas like democracy, secularism, and the rise of developing sciences were making their way across Europe had come to an end.It was replaced with the wave of horror that was the French Revolution, a once minor revolt that escalated into a violent war, concluding with the rise of Napoleon, which whom England fought against the majorityRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen1384 Words   |  6 PagesNicole Voyatzis Professor W. Acres HISTORY 1401E May 26, 2015 Discussion Paper - Pride and Prejudice Pride and Prejudice written in 1813 by Jane Austen tells the story of The Bennet’s and their five unmarried daughters. The family live as part of the lower gentry in early 19th century England. With that being said, Mrs. Bennet’s primary focus in life is to ensure that all her daughters are married, preferably to wealthy men. The book begins with Mrs. Bennet seeing an opportunity for her daughtersRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen1570 Words   |  7 PagesThe comical novel Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen depicts the love life of women in the early 1800’s. Austen shows the hardships young women in that time period had to go threw to find their place in this world. Women were thought of as objects to the men, they were supposed to be stay at home mothers, or simple just a accessory to their partner. Women were the subordinates in life, as they still are today. Austen tells the story of how Mrs. Bennet (a mother of 5) works tirelessly to get her daughte rsRead MoreJane Austen: Pride and Prejudice 1086 Words   |  5 PagesJane Austen, born December 16, 1775, was an English novelist whose works of romantic fiction earned her a place as one of the most widely read authors in English literature. Austen’s novels critique the life of the second half of the eighteenth century and are part of the transition to nineteenth-century realism. Though her novels were by no means autobiographical, her fictional characters do shed light on the facts of her life and but more importantly, they offered aspiring writers a model of howRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen914 Words   |  4 Pages Bell 1 Natalie Bell Pedersen English 4 honors 29 February 2016 Pride and Prejudice Essay Jane Austen s novel, Pride and Prejudice, focuses on the social conflicts of England during the 1800s. Elizabeth Bennet and Mr. Darcy fall in love, and face social criticism. Mr. Darcy struggles with the ideology of societal expectations while falling in love with Elizabeth Bennet. After persistent self-reflection, Mr. Darcy overcomes the stereotype of whom he should marry, and marries ElizabethRead More Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen 1104 Words   |  5 Pagesrate of over 50% from 1970-2010. However, during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, marriage was often one of the few choices for a woman’s occupation. Reading Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen from the twenty-first century perspective might make some matters that are stressed in the book seem dated or trivial. As Pride and Prejudice was set sometime during the Napoleonic Wars, it is only fitting that finding a proper marriage is on the minds of many of the women in the book. Marriage and marrying

Persuasive Essay On Standardized Testing - 986 Words

Makayla Cecil ENGL-1213-01 Gantz Persuasive Essay 31 October 2017 Standardized Testing is Undermining Education School officials common use of standardized testing as the sole measure of student, school and teacher success has posed the question if these tests are hurting more than they are helping. Universal tests were originally created to check the knowledge of students. However, tests are now being used in ways that the original designers did not anticipate. The scores students earn on these tests not only assess how well the information is taught and retained, but are now also being used in judging the quality of the school. Yet, parents support the tests for these reasons exactly (Agiesta 2). Reaping only the benefits, parents fail†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"If the material in the tests is anticipated and becomes the basis for study, then the results tell us only about the level of prep work and nothing else† (Tanner 4). The results no longer offer valuable insight into students’ academic lives, they merely display how well teachers prepared them for the test. The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 required states to test their students in math and reading. Lawmakers passed this so they would have tangible, statistical results to ensure that students were learning the material they needed to be. However, these test score results have morphed into something they were not intended to be used for. Students’ test scores are used as the primary source of information to evaluate the rank of the school and the teachers they employ. Districts nationwide are concentrating heavily on tests because they reflect directly back on the school, considering it either quality or underachieving. Furthermore, test results can be used to judge the effectiveness of a teacher without ever actually stepping foot in his or her classroom. Driven by fear, teachers conform to the test and permit their class to be focused around test material. Tests prevent teachers from educating students on information they consider important because they run out of time, know it will not show up on the test, or possibly both. With their jobs on the line, teachers are not willing to riskShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On Standardized Testing921 Words   |  4 PagesStandardized Tests Take out a number two pencil, fill in the bubbles, and pray for a good score. The outcome of standardized tests are life changing, especially in America, so it is imperative to do well on them no matter what. Students, teachers, and schools are all affected by these unfair tests. Not only do studies show the tests do not measure a student’s achievement, they are often biased against certain races and low income students, Americans are so accustomed to these tests that most peopleRead MorePersuasive Essay On Standardized Testing1316 Words   |  6 Pagesthemselves through five hours of gruelling testing. All of this nightmarish workload is completed just for the opportunity to attend a college of some recognition and ultimately gain a job in the workforce.   Ã‚  Ã‚   I think it can be agreed by all students that nobody enjoys the ludicrous amount of extra studying that is brought with these tests. It is only an added stress on an already tumultuous time of a young person’s life, and the modification of the standardized test should be seen as an important chapterRead MoreRough Draft Persuasive Essay : No Standardized Testing1093 Words   |  5 Pages Julia Suter Ms. Schlagel English 8 3 December 2015 Rough Draft Persuasive Essay: No Standardized Testing â€Å"High school grades reflect years of effort and are more reliable assessment of college potential than test scores.† Historians detected that standardized testing started back in the seventh-century in China. The government of China began to organize written exams to select people for the civil service. Also many educators try to make sure that they are following the right requirementsRead MoreThe Importance Of Standardized Testing In Education1140 Words   |  5 PagesThe standardized test has become the staple of the United States K12 education system. Students at all levels are routinely tested, and schools evaluated based on the scores. It’s easy to look at this as a necessary part of the system, a needed way of assessing both school and individual student performance to ensure quality across all schools. These tests are regarded as a tried-and true way of doing this, when in reality they are neither old nor accurate in assessment. I move in this essay thatRe ad MoreStandardized Testing and Curriculum Standards Essay1188 Words   |  5 PagesStandardized Testing and Curriculum Standards It cannot be said that all assessments are unnecessary and academically limiting for students. If teachers are to know their students’ strengths and weaknesses, they must formulate a way in which to assess their knowledge. In order to create a curriculum adherent to the most specific needs of a teacher’s class, assessment must play a role when devising the course of action for the academics taught. This does not mean that all standardized testing isRead MoreStandardized Testing Is Not Beneficial1702 Words   |  7 PagesStandardized Testing In the world today standardized testing is mandatory in all schools whether they are public or private. If schools continue to make these test mandatory, students grades will show the reflection of what they are not learning. The school might also receive less state funding due to poor performance on these tests. Once No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) was introduced US students slipped from 18th in the world in math in 2000 to 31st in 2009 (Standardized). Standardized testingRead MoreEssentials Of A Good Education By Diane Ravitch996 Words   |  4 Pageschance to obtain an education they can take into the real world. Ms. Ravitch’s argument that the overemphasis on testing for basic skills has led to public school’s neglect of important life and social skills will be evaluated to increase the reader’s understanding of this debated topic. In 2010, Ms. Ravitch was on the other side of this argument, she was a believer in more standardized tests and supported linking test scores to school funding. Society during this time was all about letting schoolsRead MorePhilosophy of Education Essays1644 Words   |  7 Pagesopinion, and cannot show judgment or preference to one student, culture, or background over another. My curriculum will include a lot of cultural information, such as texts from around the world, media articles about international relations and essay prompts that force a student to evaluate cultures and beliefs aside from their own. I will prepare students to enter a diverse world where there is an expectation of understanding and tolerance. This will be achieved by a simulation of a UN conferenceRead MoreEssay about The Demands of Middle School Writing1471 Words   |  6 Pagesstudents to learn how to write a variety of sentence types, as well as to write persuasive and expository essays, research reports, and responses to literature.† (p.82) These researchers have noted that the demands of writing are more complex than just writing five paragraphs compositions on a variety of subjects for English teachers. The ability to write to meet the demands of the curriculum and the state-wide standardized assessment is important for the middle school student, and it is an area ofRead MoreSummary Of I Just Reformed The School System By Prince Ea1100 Words   |  5 PagesThe two pieces I will be covering in this essay are â€Å" I Just Sued the School System† and â€Å"Somewhere in America†. The first one consists of a man named Prince Ea who created this short movie/slam poem where he is in court and suing the school system for being unfair, cruel and old school. Prince backs up his ideas completely with examples in history. The other piece I am comparing is three girls, Belissa Escobedo, Rhiannon McGavin and Zariya Allen, who share their unspoken high school eperiences.

Vegeterain vs. Meat Eaters Free Essays

Vegetarians vs. Meat Eaters Introduction Vegetarianism is adopted by many individuals as way of living life. Vegetarianism is the voluntary abstinence from consuming meat. We will write a custom essay sample on Vegeterain vs. Meat Eaters or any similar topic only for you Order Now The issue is whether or not a vegetarian diet is truly safer than a diet consisting of meat. Individuals adopt a vegetarian lifestyle for different reasons. Some of the reasons consist of religious or ethical beliefs, or health reasons. Vegetarian diets are also recommended as a medicinal diet for individuals suffering from heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and high cholesterol. The results of a vegetarian diet may seem beneficial, but the safety of a vegetarian diet is questionable. Some individuals consider vegetarianism to be the healthiest way of living. On the other hand, severe consequences occur when relying solely on vegetables as a way of life. The intake of meat in a diet is necessary to obtain the nutrients not provided in vegetables. Vegetarianism In 1847, the term â€Å"vegetarianism† was coined by the founders of the Vegetarian Society of Great Britain. Consumption of only vegetables, have existed since the creation of diets. Increases of food not containing meat have increased since the 1990’s. Most of the increases occurred because doctors and medical organizations stated that limiting meat intake could result in a less chance of developing degenerative diseases. The vegetarian lifestyle dates back to one of the oldest cultures, the Hindus. Hindus consume a vegetarian diet because of their religious beliefs. Based on Hindu beliefs, beauty, good memory, and longer life spans are possessed, if meat is not consumed. Beliefs, such as the Hindus, differ depending on the culture. Vegetarianism is also used as a way of treating common illnesses. Currently, many individuals suffer from illnesses such as high cholesterol, type 2 diabetes, and heart disease. In some cases, the implementation of an all vegetable diet has been incorporated to help lower the effects related to these conditions. In patients suffering from cancer, vegetarianism is used as a dietary therapy treatment. Vegetarianism is used to treat one of America’s largest conditions, obesity. In 2008, the medical costs associated with individuals suffering from obesity were about $147 billion (CDC, 2012). Implementing a vegetarian diet is one way to reduce the excess weight of obese individuals and lower medical costs. Implementing an all-vegetable diet is easy to implement and it is an economical practice for aiding in the treatment of medical conditions. Limitations of Vegetarianism Vegetarianism may be beneficial, but the deficiencies that occur as a result of this diet, outweigh the benefits. According to the governmental Food Guide Pyramid, five sources of foods should be consumed in order to supply the body with essential nutrients. The five food sources are: milk, bread, fruit, vegetable, and meat groups. These dietary guidelines were created to help individuals live a healthier lifestyle. When a necessary nutrient is removed from the body, complications may begin to occur. Restricting meat from the body produces a deficiency in the nutrients needed for the body to function properly (Timko, 2012). The nutrients that the body loses on an all-vegetable diet consist of: Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Vitamin B-12, Calcium, and Iron. Omega-3 fatty acids are a type of nutrient that is not manufactured by the body, but is essential. This nutrient must be obtained through an individual’s diet, which would have to consist of fish. Omega-3 has the ability to slow the development of atherosclerosis, it is an anti-inflammatory, it lowers triglyceride levels, and it helps with depression. When foods are not consumed that contain this nutrient, individuals face a higher chance of developing cancer, cardiovascular disease, brain development complications, and inflammation (Timko, 2012). Vitamin B-12 is a nutrient that is found in the protein of animals, dairy, eggs, seafood, and plants (Web M. D. , 2012). Although B-12 is found in plants, it cannot be consumed by humans. Therefore, the consumption of meat is necessary. Vitamin B-12 is necessary for the body because it prevents the blood levels in the body from becoming too low (Web M. D. , 2012). When the body lacks Vitamin B-12, serious conditions may occur such as anemia (lack of healthy red blood cells) or irreversible nerve damage. The consumption of Vitamin B-12 also helps treat and prevents anemia, memory loss, unhealthy immune systems, loss of energy and concentration, and heart disease (Web M. D. , 2012) Calcium is the third deficiency occurring from restricting meat from the body. Dairy products provide the greatest source of calcium for the body. About 70% of the United States receives calcium from dairy products (MedicineNet, 2012). The body depends on calcium for the production of strong bones. Calcium also helps the lungs, heart, and muscles to function properly (Mayo, 2012). When the body lacks calcium, it could result in low bone mass production which leads to osteoporosis (Mayo, 2012). The final nutrient lost in a vegetarian diet is iron. Iron is important because it aids in the transportation of oxygen throughout the body (MedicineNet, 2012). When the body lacks iron, individuals tend to feel fatigued and immune function decreases. To counteract the feeling of fatigue, it is important to consume meats that contain iron. Disadvantages of Vegetarianism The lifestyle of a vegetarian has drawbacks that could result into long term issues for individuals. The vegetarian lifestyle requires individuals to replace the nutrients received from meat, by using other products. Many vegetarians use cheese and other daily products to provide calcium and vitamins with their meals. Depending strictly on vegetables does not mean that an individual will be healthier. When individuals supplement extra products to make up for what they lack in meat, it could cause excessive weight gain over the years (Lunan, 2011). In an article entitled Vegetarians: Beware the Carbs and Cheese, 29,138 vegetarians and non-vegetarians were surveyed. The results showed that female vegetarians were no healthier than meat-eating females. On the other hand, male vegetarians suffered from gastrointestinal and musculoskeletal symptoms (Lunan, 2011). Mental disorders have the ability to affect numerous types of individuals, including vegetarians. In an article entitled Vegetarian Diet and Mental Disorders, based on a community survey, vegetarians were highly associated with having mental disorders (Michalak, 2012). The study showed how vegetarians had an elevated rate for mental disorders such as depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, and somatoform disorders. The study also showed that once a vegetarian diet was adopted, then a mental disorder followed the start of the diet (Michalak, 2012). When vegetarians restrict their body of what it needs, such as meat, it begins to affect the mind as well. It is mentally unsafe for a person to consume an all-vegetable diet. If consumption of only vegetables causes an individual to gain a mental disorder, it is obvious that this is an unhealthy choice to adopt. Anorexia is another serious condition that younger female vegetarians face. Some dieticians believe that teenagers who are limiting themselves to a vegetable only diet are also setting themselves up to developing anorexia nervosa (Vegetarian or Anorexic? , 1999). This disorder typically affects young females. Anorexia causes individuals to eat as less as possible, which causes malnourishment. When this occurs, it also increases the risk of developing high blood pressure, hormone imbalances, liver problems, and slow heart beats. Being a vegetarian gives individuals an excuse to worry about what they eat and to be overly cautious. When a younger female avoids food, she is typically avoiding it for the wrong reasons. The disadvantages that result from living a lifestyle of a vegetarian have the ability to cause life-threatening illnesses. Eating right, including all of the five food groups in a daily diet, is safer than adopting a diet that can have negative results in the future. Benefits of Meat Consumption Contrary to what most vegans think, important benefits are derived from consuming meat. The first benefit that individuals receive from meat is protein. Meats contain a large amount of proteins that are beneficial to the body. When protein is in the body, it allows for building of body tissues, repairing of damages muscles, and production of antibodies used to fight infections. Amino acids are also found in meats, which aid in strengthening the body’s immune system (Medical Daily, 2012). Meat contains all of the amino acids; therefore it is one of the best sources of protein. Not only does it provide protein for the body, it also helps to maintain your skin. A second benefit of consuming meat is that it contains three important nutrients: iron, selenium, and zinc. Iron is important because it aids in the production of hemoglobin in the body. It also helps transport oxygen thought the body (Medical Daily, 2012). Selenium is a mineral that is essential to good health, but has to be consumed in an individual’s diet. Selenium is found in crab, liver, fish, and poultry. This mineral is necessary because it breaks down chemicals and fats in the body. Zinc is an important mineral because it aids in metabolism and formation of tissue (Medical Daily, 2012). Vitamins are a very important part of every individual diet. Consuming meats allows the body to receive vitamins that are necessary for it to function properly. Vitamins A, B, and D are three of the most important vitamins that the body needs. These vitamins promote strong bones and teeth, good mental health, nervous system support, and better vision. Conclusion Restricting a diet to only vegetable intake does not guarantee that a vegetarian in healthier than an individual that consumes meat. Vegetarians do benefit from this type of lifestyle because they may have lower cholesterol, less weight gain, and lower risks of developing illnesses. On the other hand, restricting meat from a diet results in numerous complications. The loss of nutrients such as iron, calcium, zinc, and omega-3 fatty acids, are a tremendous disadvantage for vegetarians. Vegetarians may suffer from anorexia, mental disorders, and gastrointestinal problems. When changing a diet causes more harm than good, the best decision is to give the body the nutrients it was designed to receive. References Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). â€Å"Obesity†; August 13, 2012 http://www. cdc. gov/obesity/data/adult. html Deckere, E. A. , â€Å"European Journal of Cancer Prevention†; â€Å"Possible beneficial effect of fish and fish n’3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in breast and colorectal cancer†; July 1999 http://www. livestrong. com/article/314378-what-is-purpose-of-omega-3-fatty-acids/ â€Å"Food Guide Pyramid†; 2012 http://www. nal. usda. gov/fnic/Fpyr/pmap. tm Lunan, K. , â€Å"Vegeterians: Beware of Carbs and Cheese†; Vol. 124 Issue 37, P. 60-61, 2011 Retrieved from the SJC Database on Nov. 19, 2012 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, â€Å"Calcium and Calcium Supplements†; 1998-2012 http://www. mayoclinic. com/health/calcium-supplements/MY01540 Medical Daily, â€Å"3 Benefits of Eating Meat†; 2012 http://www. medicaldaily. com/articles/3971/20101119/3-benefits-of-eating-meat. htm MedicineNet. , â€Å"Vegeterian and Vegan Diet†; 1996-2012 http://www. medicinenet. com/vegetarian_and_vegan_diet/page2. htm Michalak, J. , Xiao Chi Z. , Jacobi, F. :Vegeterian diet and Mental Disorders: Results from a Representative Community Survey†; International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition Physical Activity; 2012, Vol. 9 Issue 1, p 67-76 Retrieved from the SJC Database on Nov. 19, 2012 Taepavarapruk, P. , â€Å"Journal of Neurochemistry†; â€Å"Reductions of acetylcholine release and nerve growth factor expression are correlated with memory impairment induced by interleukin-1beta administrations: effects of omega-3 fatty acid EPA treatment†; December 2009 http://www. livestrong. com/article/314378-what-is-purpose-of-omega-3-fatty-acids/ Timko, A. â€Å"Dietary Restriction: A Comparison of Vegetarians and Non-Vegetarians† ; Eating Disorders Review; Vol. 23 Issue 3, p6-6, May/June 2012 Retrieved from the SJC Database on Nov. 19, 2012 â€Å"Vegetarian or Anorexic? † November 26, 1999 Retrieved from the SJC Database on Nov. 19, 2012 â€Å"Vegetarianism†, November 26, 1999 Retrieved from the SJC Database on Nov. 19, 2012 Web M. D. â€Å"Vitamin B12: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, and Warnings†; 2005-2012 http://www. webmd. com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-926-VITAMIN%20B12. aspx? activeIngredientId=926activeIngredientName=VITAMIN%20B12 How to cite Vegeterain vs. Meat Eaters, Essay examples

Health System and Economics for Public Health- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theHealth System and Economics for Public Health. Answer: Introduction Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) refer to physiological disorders that involves the blood vessels of the heart. Most common cardiovascular diseases include myocardial infarction and angina, heart failure, stroke, rheumatic heart disease, congenital heart disease, and heart arrhythmia. According to WHO reports, CVDs are the primary cause of death on a global basis (Laslett et al., 2012). Estimates suggest that 3 out of 10 Nigerians suffer from CVDs (Ogunmola et al., 2013). Statistical data also state that approximately 150,000 Nigerians die because of CVDs on an annual basis, and the rates are expected to reach 23 million by 2030 (Iloh et al., 2013). This report will describe the role of stakeholders in preventing chronic diseases and will focus and applying a systems thinking approach for the same. Role of stakeholders Stakeholders referred to individuals, affected by the outcomes of a particular project. They are responsible for developing and shaping a project in its early years, allocating adequate resources that contribute to success of the project, and providing a clear insight on probable outcomes (Groves et al., 2013). In other words, stakeholders facilitate making adjustments to the project for winning organisational support. While internal stakeholders include people belonging to the organization, such as healthcare professionals, paramedical personnel, and social workers, external stakeholders often involve groups or individuals outside the health care setting, directly affected by the project. They include patients, and equipments suppliers. The primary role of stakeholders encompasses understanding the fact that the project fits in with the strategy being adopted. They are responsible for explaining necessity of the project and proving its strategic merit (Wong et al., 2014). Moreover, they provide a detailed financial and requirement plan. They are also involved in taking ownership of the deliverables and ensuring the usability, compatibility and performance (Hegney et al., 2013). Other roles involve establishing appropriate training and support requirements, while keeping a record of the progress and cascading relevant information (Mohammad Mosadeghrad, 2013). Collaborating with the stakeholders will help in understanding the underlying factors that contribute to sudden cardiovascular diseases. This unique collaboration will help in development of system thinking approach and technology that will provide a new insight of individual management options, for treating high-risk patients. The stakeholders will seek holisti c approaches for improving the public healthcare sector of Nigeria and identifying the reasons behind the faltering to deliver appropriate healthcare access for treating CVDs. Obstacles to systems thinking approach Systems thinking approach refers to a management discipline associated with gaining a sound understanding of the existing system by thorough examination of the interactions and linkages between several components. These components usually comprise the defined system. This approach provides a better means of analysing, and understanding and talking about the construction and design of a particular organisation, in the form of an integrated system (Dolansky Moore, 2013). However, there are several barriers to effective implementation of such approach, in the public health domain. One major human barrier is associated with the fact that the human mind fails to remain predisposed to abstract information and thinking. Three mental faculties namely, the autonomic function, limbic function and reasoning on cognitive functions are responsible for the human thinking and reasoning. However, people recognise more survival value in limbic system, upon comparison with contemplation of the nature, purpose and objective of an approach. This creates serious consequences and leads to their failure in learning new healthcare system rules (Gilson et al., 2014). Another challenge is associated with the tendency to jump quickly to conclusions. Positive progress is required by the target population, which results them in prioritising developing solutions. They work towards achieving feasible ideas that create an illusion of progress, which in turn is amplified by availability error. Moreover, essential facts related to lingering challenges of the public health sector are not identified. This is a retrograde step and increases level of confusion (Atun, 2012). Dynamics of the existing system also result in failure of the target individuals to cope with prevailing situation. Severalorganisational barriers also act as obstacles, such as, difficulty in making changes in the organisation, drive for progress, nature of program management, and presence of large and complex organisations. Misconceptions also exist among these individuals about the systems approach in healthcare (Swanson et al., 2012). Stereotypes consider systems thinking approach as a rejection of traditional scientific theories. Another misconception is that systems thinking approach is often portrayed as weak, in comparison with analytic or scientific thinking. Hence, it can be suggested that systems thinking approach will be able to highlight the challenges that exist in Nigeria, which directly influence high rates of mortality and morbidity due to CVDs. Recommendations Identifying the existing elements of the healthcare system, capturing their task dependency and outlining the way by which effective healthcare services should be coordinated and synchronised (Chai Yeo, 2012) A comprehensive assessment should be made of all contextual factors for determining effectiveness of the healthcare interventions. Randomized control trials should be conducted in combination with systems thinking approach, for evaluating the cause effect relationship related to CVDs. Effective collaboration should be formed between the diverse internal and external stakeholders, for designing and evaluating innovative interventions to reduce rates of heart diseases. Using a mixed evaluation method for addressing the issue will also prove an effective initiative (Monat Gannon, 2015) Creating an acute awareness of the current health conditions Developing a willingness to challenge the health boundaries Understanding the interrelationship between different factors before implementing and intervention Adapting and redesigning the steps of the intervention for optimising synergies Developing a proper plan Setting up a budget Adequate source funding Conclusion To conclude, it can be stated that healthcare is a complex system involving high risk to all stakeholders. Although Nigeria has some of the largest stocks of human healthcare resources, lack of appropriate strategies and approaches, and poor financial access prevent the residents from accessing basic healthcare services, which in turn increases mortality rates due to cardiovascular disorders. Therefore, it is essential to adopt a systems perspective for creating a dynamic design and evaluating interventions at the system level, which will strengthen the healthcare system. This approach will link all stages of planning, designing and in evaluation in a coherent manner that will improve health outcomes of the people. References Atun, R. (2012). Health systems, systems thinking and innovation.Health policy and planning,27(suppl_4), iv4-iv8. Chai, K. H., Yeo, C. (2012). Overcoming energy efficiency barriers through systems approacha conceptual framework.Energy Policy,46, 460-472. Dolansky, M. A., Moore, S. M. (2013). Quality and safety education for nurses (QSEN): The key is systems thinking.OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing,18(3), 71-80. Gilson, L., Elloker, S., Olckers, P., Lehmann, U. (2014). Advancing the application of systems thinking in health: South African examples of a leadership of sensemaking for primary health care.Health Research Policy and Systems,12(1), 30. Groves, P., Kayyali, B., Knott, D., Van Kuiken, S. (2013). The big datarevolution in healthcare.McKinsey Quarterly,2, 3. Hegney, D. G., Patterson, E., Eley, D. S., Mahomed, R., Young, J. (2013). The feasibility, acceptability and sustainability of nurse?led chronic disease management in Australian general practice: The perspectives of key stakeholders.International Journal of Nursing Practice,19(1), 54-59. Iloh, G. U. P., Chuku, A., Obiegbu, N. P., Ofoedu, J. N., Ikwudinma, A. O. (2013). Frequency of cardiovascular risk factors in adult Nigerians with family history of noncommunicable cardiovascular disease in a primary care clinic of a tertiary hospital in a resource-constrained environment of Eastern Nigeria.American Journal of Health Research,1(1), 17-25. Laslett, L. J., Alagona Jr, P., Clark III, B. A., Drozda Jr, J. P., Saldivar, F., Wilson, S. R., ... Hart, M. (2012). The worldwide environment of cardiovascular disease: prevalence, diagnosis, therapy, and policy issues: a report from the American College of Cardiology.Journal of the American College of Cardiology,60(25), S1-S49. Mohammad Mosadeghrad, A. (2013). Healthcare service quality: Towards a broad definition.International journal of health care quality assurance,26(3), 203-219. Monat, J. P., Gannon, T. F. (2015). What is Systems Thinking? A review of selected literature plus recommendations.American Journal of Systems Science,4(1), 11-26. Ogunmola, O. J., Olaifa, A. O., Oladapo, O. O., Babatunde, O. A. (2013). Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among adults without obvious cardiovascular disease in a rural community in Ekiti State, Southwest Nigeria.BMC cardiovascular disorders,13(1), 89. Swanson, R. C., Cattaneo, A., Bradley, E., Chunharas, S., Atun, R., Abbas, K. M., ... Best, A. (2012). Rethinking health systems strengthening: key systems thinking tools and strategies for transformational change.Health policy and planning,27(suppl_4), iv54-iv61. Wong, Z. Y., Hassali, M. A., Alrasheedy, A. A., Saleem, F., Yahaya, A. H. M., Aljadhey, H. (2014). Malaysian generic pharmaceutical industries: perspective from healthcare stakeholders.Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research,5(4), 193-203.